A hybrid power system using alternative energy facilities in isolated island
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid power system using many wind turbine generators in isolated small islands is proposed. But the system can supply high quality power using an aqua electrolyzer, fuel cell, renewable energy and diesel generator.
Abstract: A hybrid power system uses many wind turbine generators in isolated small islands. The output power of wind turbine generators is mostly fluctuating and has an effect on system frequency. In order to solve this problem, we propose a new power system using renewable energy in small, isolated islands. The system can supply high-quality power using an aqua electrolyzer, fuel cell, renewable energy, and diesel generator. The generated hydrogen by an aqua electrolyzer is used as fuel for a fuel cell. The simulation results are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system in this paper.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented small-signal stability analyzed results of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation/energy storage system connected to isolated loads using time-domain simulations.
Abstract: Small-signal stability analyzed results of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation/energy storage system connected to isolated loads using time-domain simulations is presented in this paper. The companion paper presents frequency-domain analyzed results of the same hybrid system. The proposed renewable energy power generation subsystems include three wind turbine generators (WTGs), a diesel engine generator, two fuel cells (FCs), and a photovoltaic system (PV) while the energy storage subsystems consist of a battery energy storage system and a flywheel energy storage system. An aqua electrolyzer absorbs a part of generated energy from PV or WTGs to generate available hydrogen for FCs. A time-domain approach based on three mathematical models for three studied cases under various operating points and disturbance conditions is performed. It can be concluded from the simulation results that the proposed hybrid power generation/energy storage system feeding isolated loads can be properly operated to achieve system power-frequency balance condition.
672 citations
Cites background or methods from "A hybrid power system using alterna..."
...3–5 are listed in Table I for conciseness [16]....
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...The aforementioned hybrid power generation/energy storage system with the WTG-PV-FC/FESS-BESS as well as an DEG and an AE has exhibited several advantages to control electrical energy absorbed by the connected loads [16]–[22]....
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...where M and D are, respectively, the equivalent inertia constant and damping constant of the hybrid power system [16]....
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...Since a typical AE consists of several power converters, TAE is very small [16]....
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...The generated hydrogen can then be compressed, stored, and transported to the FC through pipelines [16]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the current state of the design, operation and control requirement of the stand-alone PV solar-wind hybrid energy systems with conventional backup source i.e. diesel or grid.
Abstract: The wind and solar energy are omnipresent, freely available, and environmental friendly. The wind energy systems may not be technically viable at all sites because of low wind speeds and being more unpredictable than solar energy. The combined utilization of these renewable energy sources are therefore becoming increasingly attractive and are being widely used as alternative of oil-produced energy. Economic aspects of these renewable energy technologies are sufficiently promising to include them for rising power generation capability in developing countries. A renewable hybrid energy system consists of two or more energy sources, a power conditioning equipment, a controller and an optional energy storage system. These hybrid energy systems are becoming popular in remote area power generation applications due to advancements in renewable energy technologies and substantial rise in prices of petroleum products. Research and development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of the design, operation and control requirement of the stand-alone PV solar–wind hybrid energy systems with conventional backup source i.e. diesel or grid. This Paper also highlights the future developments, which have the potential to increase the economic attractiveness of such systems and their acceptance by the user.
616 citations
Cites background from "A hybrid power system using alterna..."
...Modeling of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...It is observed that approximately 90% of studies reported are on design/economic aspects of HRES....
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...Literature review reveals that over the last decades, HRES applications are growing rapidly and HRES technology has proven its competitiveness for remote area applications....
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...On the basis of above literature review, researchers focused on the design, operation, and performance analysis of individual system for HRES find that, In order to predict performance, individual components should be modeled first and then their mix can be evaluated, to meet the demand reliably....
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...However, fewer studies were reported on control of HRES....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the control and operation of a dc microgrid, which can be operated at grid connected or island modes, and proposed a coordinated strategy for the battery system, wind turbine, and load management.
Abstract: Control and operation of a dc microgrid, which can be operated at grid connected or island modes, are investigated in this paper. The dc microgrid consists of a wind turbine, a battery energy storage system, dc loads, and a grid-connected converter system. When the system is grid connected, active power is balanced through the grid supply during normal operation to ensure a constant dc voltage. Automatic power balancing during a grid ac fault is achieved by coordinating the battery energy storage system and the grid converter. To ensure that the system can operate under island conditions, a coordinated strategy for the battery system, wind turbine, and load management, including load shedding, are proposed. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations are presented to demonstrate the robust operation performance and to validate the proposed control system during various operating conditions, such as variations of wind power generation and load, grid ac faults, and islanding.
543 citations
Cites background from "A hybrid power system using alterna..."
...Typical examples of microgrids are power systems in an all-electric ship [5], isolated island [6], [7], CERTS microgrid [8], etc....
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TL;DR: An extensive literature review on load-frequency control (LFC) problem in power system has been highlighted in this article, where various configuration of power system models and control techniques/strategies that concerns to LFC issues have been addressed in conventional as well as distribution generation-based power systems.
Abstract: In this paper an extensive literature review on load–frequency control (LFC) problem in power system has been highlighted. The various configuration of power system models and control techniques/strategies that concerns to LFC issues have been addressed in conventional as well as distribution generation-based power systems. Further, investigations on LFC challenges incorporating storage devices BESS/SMES, FACTS devices, wind–diesel and PV systems etc have been discussed too.
485 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an optimization model including battery life loss cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost, and environmental cost is established to obtain a set of optimal parameters of operation strategy considering the lifetime characteristics of lead-acid batteries, a multiobjective optimization to minimize power generation cost and to maximize the useful life of leadacid batteries has been achieved via the NSGA-II.
Abstract: Standalone microgrids with renewable sources and battery storage play an important role in solving power supply problems in remote areas such as islands To achieve reliable and economic operations of a standalone microgrid, in addition to the consideration of utilization of renewable resources, the lifetime characteristics of a battery energy storage system also need to be fully investigated In this paper, in order to realize the economic operation of a recently developed standalone microgrid on Dongfushan Island in China, an optimization model including battery life loss cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost, and environmental cost is established to obtain a set of optimal parameters of operation strategy Considering the lifetime characteristics of lead-acid batteries, a multiobjective optimization to minimize power generation cost and to maximize the useful life of lead-acid batteries has been achieved via the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) The results show that the proposed method can optimize the system operations under different scenarios and help users obtain the optimal operation schemes of the actual microgrid system
416 citations
Cites background from "A hybrid power system using alterna..."
...Meanwhile, the applications of renewable energy can also reduce pollution caused by traditional fossil fuel consumptions, which can further help protect the ecological and environmental systems of those island regions [2]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a two-loop controller for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-fuel cell hybrid system by using a neural network controller for maximum power point tracking, which extracts maximum available solar power from PV arrays under varying conditions of insolation, temperature, and system load.
Abstract: Maximizing performance of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-fuel cell hybrid system by use of a two-loop controller is discussed. One loop is a neural network controller for maximum power point tracking, which extracts maximum available solar power from PV arrays under varying conditions of insolation, temperature, and system load. A real/reactive power controller (RRPC) is the other loop. The RRPC achieves the system's requirements for real and reactive powers by controlling incoming fuel to fuel cell stacks as well as switching control signals to a power conditioning subsystem. Results of time-domain simulations prove not only the effectiveness of the proposed computer models of the two-loop controller but also its applicability for use in stability analysis of the hybrid power plant.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the development of a computer model for simulating the transient operation of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which includes the electrochemical, thermal, and mass flow elements that affect SOFC electrical output.
Abstract: This paper describes the development of a computer model for simulating the transient operation of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The model includes the electrochemical, thermal, and mass flow elements that affect SOFC electrical output. The electrochemical and thermal parts of the model were developed and verified separately before they were combined to form the transient model. The results of model verification tests are presented. Transient simulations were conducted with constant reactant flows and constant inlet temperatures. The transient electrical response of the cell to a load change is described.
227 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the reliability benefits of adding wind turbine generators (WTG) as an alternative supply in a rural distribution system, and the effects on the wind site selection and the number of wind units were investigated.
Abstract: Wind turbine generators (WTG) used as altenative supply in a distribution system have different impacts on the system reliability performance than conventional altemative supplies due to the variable wind speed. This paper investigates the system reliability benefits of adding WTG as an alternative supply in a rural distribution system. The wind generation interrupted energy benefit (WGIEB), the wind generation interruption cost benefit (WGICB), the equivalent number of conventional generators (ENCG), and the equivalent conventional generator capacity (ECGC) of one MWWTG are introduced. These indices provide direct reliability benefit indicators on the addition of WTG and are important information for system planners to make planning decisions such as the selection of a wind site and the number of WTG. A test rural distribution system is utilized to illustrate the proposed technique. The effects on the system reliability benefits of the wind site selection and the number of wind units are investigated.
167 citations
"A hybrid power system using alterna..." refers methods in this paper
...The simulated wind speed can be calculated using the following equation [11]:...
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...In this paper, wind speed is presented using autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) time-series model [11]....
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...In this study, we use the ARMA(3, 2) model as wind speed as follows [11]:...
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TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model of an internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell stack is developed for control system applications to fuel cell power plants based on principles of energy and mass component balances and thermochemical properties.
Abstract: A nonlinear mathematical model of an internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell stack is developed for control system applications to fuel cell power plants. The model is based on principles of energy and mass component balances and thermochemical properties. Physical data for this model is obtained from a 2 MW system design that is a precursor to a demonstration fuel cell power plant running on natural gas at the City of Santa Clara, CA. The model can be used to provide realistic evaluations of the responses to varying load demands on the fuel cell stack and to define transient limitations and control requirements. Simulation results are presented for a transient response to a power plant trip at full load.
166 citations
"A hybrid power system using alterna..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In addition, in recent years, fuel-cell generation systems have attracted a lot of attention because of their advantages as power generation systems [1]–[4]....
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...For the time constants of diesel generators and fuel-cell generators, these are determined from the simulation results in [4] and [9]....
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...In view of the above advantages, the wind/diesel hybrid generation system is coming up and its suitability studies are currently under investigation [4], [5]....
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TL;DR: This work proposes to use an adaptive network based inference system (ANFIS) in order to generate fuzzy membership functions and control rules for the controller of an adaptive fuzzy logic controller for a wind-diesel system.
Abstract: This work is concerned with the development of an adaptive fuzzy logic controller for a wind-diesel system composed of a stall regulated wind turbine with an induction generator connected to an AC busbar in parallel with a diesel generator set having a synchronous generator. In this work we propose to use an adaptive network based inference system (ANFIS) in order to generate fuzzy membership functions and control rules for the controller. A feedback linearized proportional integral controller is used to provide the required expert knowledge. A controller design process is identified; it consists of generating input-output data pairs to identify the control variables range and initial fuzzy memberships, and then to tune or adapt them using an ANFIS network structure. The controller inputs are the frequency error and its integral for the governor part of the controller, and the voltage and frequency errors for the automatic voltage regulator. These are readily measurable quantities leading to a simple controller which can be easily implemented.
132 citations