Fig 1. Biosynthetic pathways for acrylic acid (AA) production from Glucose using 3-70 hydroxypropionate (3-HP) as an intermediary. 71 3-HP can be produced from Glucose through three distinct pathways: glycerol (red arrows), malonyl-72 CoA (green arrows), and β-alanine (blue arrows). Furthermore, E. coli can also direct Glycerol towards 73 the central carbon metabolism, allowing it to be used as a carbon source. 74
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