A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate
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17,977 citations
Cites background or methods from "A knowledge-based approach to the s..."
...GHCN has data for precipitation (20 590 stations), mean temperature (7280 stations), and minimum and maximum temperature (4966 stations)....
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...We then used SPLINA to build continuous climate surfaces for the training data and interrogated these surfaces for the locations of the test data....
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...…sets of high-resolution climate surfaces for the conterminous United States: the 1- km-resolution Daymet database of means for 1980–1997 (http://www.daymet.org/; Thornton et al., 1997) and the 2.5 arc min (∼5 km) PRISM climate database for 1970–2000 (http://www.ocs.orst.edu/; Daly et al., 2002)....
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...Daly et al. (2002) used the PRISM method, which allows for incorporation of expert knowledge about the climate and can be particularly useful when data points are sparse....
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2,447 citations
Cites background or methods from "A knowledge-based approach to the s..."
...Mountainous and coastal areas of the western United States, characterized by sparse data coverage, large elevation gradients, rain shadows, inversions, cold air drainage, and coastal effects, showed the greatest improvement....
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...where Wc, Wd, Wz, Wp, Wf, Wl, Wt, and We are the cluster, distance, elevation, coastal proximity, topographic facet, vertical layer, topographic position, and effective terrain weights, respectively, and Fd and Fz are userspecified distance and elevation weighting importance scalars (Daly et al., 2002; Daly et al., 2007)....
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...Blocking and uplifting of moisture-bearing winds amplifies precipitation on windward slopes, especially those with steep windward inclines, and can sharply decrease it on leeward slopes downwind, producing rain shadows (Smith, 1979; Daly et al., 1994, 2002)....
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...The boundaries of the grid were 22 and 50°N and 65 and 125 °W. Memory, CPU, and model parameterization considerations required that interpolation be performed separately in three regions: western, central, and eastern United States, and the resulting grids merged to form a complete conterminous U.S. grid....
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...The goal of the review process was to ensure that the climate maps reasonably reflected the current state of knowledge regarding the patterns and magnitudes of precipitation and temperature in the conterminous United States (Daly et al., 2002)....
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890 citations
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Cites methods from "A knowledge-based approach to the s..."
...Africa straddles the equator and has a weak annual cycle, as seasonal components in each hemisphere compensate, with moisture convergence always weak, and evaporation limited by Fig 5 live 4/C Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/25/22 04:32 AM UTC Fig 6 live 4/C Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/25/22 04:32 AM UTC precipitation and moisture availability....
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...1 © 2007 American Meteorological Society JHM600 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/25/22 04:32 AM UTC have been made to assemble, analyze, derive, and assess global datasets of water vapor (Trenberth et al. 2005), cloud (Dai et al. 1999b, 2006), precipitation (amount, frequency, intensity, type) (Trenberth 1998; Dai et al. 1999a; Dai 2001a; Trenberth et al. 2003), evapotranspiration (evaporation plus transpiration from plants) (Qian et al. 2006), soil moisture, runoff, streamflow and river discharge into the oceans (Dai and Trenberth 2002, 2003), atmospheric moisture flows and divergence (Trenberth and Guillemot 1998; Dai and Trenberth 2002; Trenberth and Stepaniak 2003a), atmospheric moisture storage (Trenberth and Smith 2005), and freshwater flows in the ocean (Dai and Trenberth 2003)....
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...The Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/25/22 04:32 AM UTC (Daly et al. 2002) used an elevation model to account for slopes and their orientation to the winds and therefore includes an adjustment for orographic bias, giving…...
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...(Daly et al. 2002) used an elevation model to account for slopes and their orientation to the winds and therefore includes an adjustment for orographic bias, giving precipitation at 5 resolution, but this is not available globally....
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...However, it also provides the main resource for clouds and storms to produce precipitation, and most precipitation comes from moisture already in the atmosphere at the time a storm forms (Trenberth Fig 1 live 4/C Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/25/22 04:32 AM UTC 1998, 1999; Trenberth et al. 2003)....
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References
4,767 citations
"A knowledge-based approach to the s..." refers background in this paper
...Temperature typically decreases with altitude, and precipitation generally increases (Oke 1978, Barry & Chorley 1987)....
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2,770 citations
"A knowledge-based approach to the s..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Evidence gathered during model development indicates that this method of expression is relatively stable in both space and time (Daly et al. 1994)....
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...The orientation of each cell is computed from elevation gradients between the 4 adjacent cells (Daly et al. 1994) and assigned to an orientation bin on an 8- point compass....
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...Terrain-induced climate transitions In complex terrain, climatic patterns are defined and delineated by topographic slopes and barriers, creating a mosaic of hill slopes, or ‘facets’, each potentially experiencing a different climatic regime (Daly et al. 1994, Gibson et al. 1997)....
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...Facet grids are constructed for 6 DEM smoothing levels, or scales (Daly et al. 1994)....
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...An example of a combined statistical/human-expert approach to climate mapping using KBS is PRISM (parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model) (Daly & Neilson 1992, Daly et al. 1994, 1997, 2001, Johnson et al. 2000)....
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1,309 citations
"A knowledge-based approach to the s..." refers methods in this paper
...Adaptations of this concept have been used for climate interpolation (Shepard 1968, Renka 1984, Willmott et al. 1985, Dodson & Marks 1997, Thornton et al. 1997)....
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1,069 citations
"A knowledge-based approach to the s..." refers methods in this paper
...The smoothed DEM for each level is prepared by applying a modified Gaussian filter (Barnes 1964) to the original DEM....
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