A leading role for the immune system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia
Citations
266 citations
Cites background from "A leading role for the immune syste..."
...In early-onset PE, oxidative stress caused by low oxygen tension or by disruption of the oxygen-sensing mechanism in placentas is believed to cause over-expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) in placental tissue, and also to the release of increased levels into the circulation.(65) In normal pregnancy, placental expression and formation of HIF-1α increased in a hypoxic environment during the first trimester and this was paralleled by TGF-β3, of which early trophoblast differentiation and placental expression of both molecules remained high until about the 10th gestational week when placental O2 levels began to increase....
[...]
...Perhaps in a similar manner, there is over-expression of genes responsible for the formation of sFlt-1, PlGF and VEGF in PE placentas.(65,68) However, it has to be noted that for ethical reasons, it is difficult to study gene expression in placentas prior to actual clinical diagnosis of PE....
[...]
173 citations
160 citations
Cites background from "A leading role for the immune syste..."
...Preeclamptic placenta is known to be hypoxic and stimulate the release of a large amount of syncytiotrophoblast microparticle (STBM) [15]....
[...]
139 citations
137 citations
Cites background from "A leading role for the immune syste..."
...These cells can also be recruited and activated by increased IL-17.(89) These cells may contribute to the increased vascular resistance and fetal morbidity of PE through production of oxidative stress and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)....
[...]
...Oxidative stress-induced inflammation and vascular damage and dysfunction may be attributable in part to the activation of neutrophils and subsequent release of NETs in response to hypoxia and IL-17 signaling during PE and requires further study.(89,117)...
[...]
...These cells may contribute to the increased vascular resistance and fetal morbidity of PE through production of oxidative stress and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).(89,117) NETs are extracellular structures released from neutrophils that kill extracellular bacteria and fungi, but are implicated in pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity....
[...]
...NETs are extracellular structures released from neutrophils that kill extracellular bacteria and fungi, but are implicated in pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity.(89,117) Oxidative stress-induced inflammation and vascular damage and dysfunction may be attributable in part to the activation of neutrophils and subsequent release of NETs in response to hypoxia and IL-17 signaling during PE and requires further study....
[...]
...These cells can also be recruited and activated by increased IL-17....
[...]
References
6,758 citations
"A leading role for the immune syste..." refers background in this paper
...sponses [112], the decreased number of lymphoid DCs in...
[...]
4,082 citations
"A leading role for the immune syste..." refers background in this paper
...According to the danger model [48], hypoxia can lead to a persistent inflammatory response, and this may occur in preeclamptic patients....
[...]
3,613 citations
3,603 citations
3,148 citations
"A leading role for the immune syste..." refers background in this paper
...High levels of sFlt1 and low levels of PlGF may predict the subsequent development of preeclampsia, as it may be detected 5 weeks before its onset [29]....
[...]