A leaky-wave analysis of the high-gain printed antenna configuration
TL;DR: In this article, a leaky-wave analysis is used to explain the narrow-beam resonance gain phenomenon in which narrow beams may be produced from a printed antenna element in a substrate-superstrate geometry.
Abstract: A leaky-wave analysis is used to explain the narrow-beam resonance-gain phenomenon in which narrow beams may be produced from a printed antenna element in a substrate-superstrate geometry. It is demonstrated that the phenomenon is attributable to the presence of both transverse electric and transverse magnetic-mode leaky waves, that are excited on the structure. Asymptotic formulas for the leaky wave are compared with the exact patterns to demonstrate the dominant role of the leaky waves in determining the pattern. Results are presented as a function of frequency, the scan angle, and the permittivity of the superstrate. >
Citations
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TL;DR: This paper gives a basic review and a summary of recent developments for leaky-wave antennas (LWAs), a guiding structure that supports wave propagation along the length of the structure, with the wave radiating or “leaking” continuously along the structure.
Abstract: This paper gives a basic review and a summary of recent developments for leaky-wave antennas (LWAs). An LWA uses a guiding structure that supports wave propagation along the length of the structure, with the wave radiating or “leaking” continuously along the structure. Such antennas may be uniform, quasi-uniform, or periodic. After reviewing the basic physics and operating principles, a summary of some recent advances for these types of structures is given. Recent advances include structures that can scan to endfire, structures that can scan through broadside, structures that are conformal to surfaces, and structures that incorporate power recycling or include active elements. Some of these novel structures are inspired by recent advances in the metamaterials area.
988 citations
Cites methods from "A leaky-wave analysis of the high-g..."
...A detailed analysis appeared in 1988 in a paper by Jackson and Oliner [14], in which it was established that the directive beams obtained in the two-layer substrate/superstrate structure are due to the excitation of TMz and TEz leaky modes by the horizontal dipole within the substrate layer....
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...The analysis of this type of structure as a leaky-wave antenna was done by Jackson and Oliner in the late 1980s and early 1990s [14, 15]....
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...[22] D. R. Jackson, A. A. Oliner, and A. Ip, BLeaky-wave propagation and radiation for a narrow-beam multiple-layer dielectric structure,[ IEEE Trans....
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...[3] D. R. Jackson and A. A. Oliner, BLeaky-wave antennas,[ in Modern Antenna Handbook, C. Balanis, Ed....
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...[2] A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, BLeaky-wave antennas,[ in Antenna Engineering Handbook, J. L. Volakis, Ed....
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TL;DR: In this article, a ray analysis is employed in order to give physical insight into the performance of AMCs and derive design guidelines, and the bandwidth and center frequency of AMC surfaces are investigated using full-wave analysis and the qualitative predictions of the ray model are validated.
Abstract: Planar periodic metallic arrays behave as artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surfaces when placed on a grounded dielectric substrate and they introduce a zero degrees reflection phase shift to incident waves. In this paper the AMC operation of single-layer arrays without vias is studied using a resonant cavity model and a new application to high-gain printed antennas is presented. A ray analysis is employed in order to give physical insight into the performance of AMCs and derive design guidelines. The bandwidth and center frequency of AMC surfaces are investigated using full-wave analysis and the qualitative predictions of the ray model are validated. Planar AMC surfaces are used for the first time as the ground plane in a high-gain microstrip patch antenna with a partially reflective surface as superstrate. A significant reduction of the antenna profile is achieved. A ray theory approach is employed in order to describe the functioning of the antenna and to predict the existence of quarter wavelength resonant cavities.
907 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an introduction history classification of leaky wave antennas is presented, along with a detailed discussion of the physics of Leaky Waves Radiation properties of one-dimensional and two-dimensional Leaky wave antenna.
Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction History Classification of Leaky‐Wave Antennas Physics of Leaky Waves Radiation Properties of One‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Radiation Properties of Two‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Conclusions Acknowledgment References
792 citations
01 Nov 1984
TL;DR: In this article, a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allows for large antenna gain is presented, asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed.
Abstract: Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.
568 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sinusoidally-modulated reactance surface (SMRS) was designed for an arbitrary off-broadside angle, which allows for nearly independent control of the leakage and phase constants along the surface.
Abstract: A simple procedure for designing a sinusoidally-modulated reactance surface (SMRS) that radiates at an arbitrary off-broadside angle is outlined. The procedure allows for nearly independent control of the leakage and phase constants along the surface. Printing an array of metallic strips over a grounded dielectric substrate is discussed as a way to practically implement the theoretical SMRS. A method of mapping the gaps between metallic strips to a desired surface impedance is presented as an efficient alternative to mapping methods used in the past. A printed leaky-wave antenna with a sinusoidally-modulated surface reactance is designed using the procedure mentioned above. The TM-polarized antenna radiates at 30° from broadside at 10 GHz, and exhibits an experimental gain of 18.4 dB. Theoretical, simulated, and experimental results are presented.
364 citations
References
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TL;DR: The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed.
Abstract: Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.
594 citations
01 Nov 1984
TL;DR: In this article, a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allows for large antenna gain is presented, asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed.
Abstract: Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.
568 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental effects of superstrate (cover) materials on printed circuits antennas are investigated and a general criterion is given for choosing a superstrate to optimize efficiency for the important case of nonmagnetic layers with the antenna at the interface.
Abstract: The fundamental effects of superstrate (cover) materials on printed circuits antennas are investigated. Substrate-superstrate resonance conditions are established which maximize antenna gain, radiation resistance, and radiation efficiency. Criteria are determined for material properties and dimensions for which surface waves are eliminated and a radiation efficiency due to substrate-superstrate effects of e_{s} = 100 percent is obtained. Criteria for nearly omnidirectional \bar{H} -plane patterns and nearly omnidirctional \bar{E} -plane patterns are presented. Finally, a general criterion is given for choosing a superstrate to optimize efficiency for the important case of nonmagnetic layers with the antenna at the interface.
445 citations
01 Feb 1963
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the contribution due to poles in several alternative integral representations of a source-excited field, and placed particular stress on the steepest-descent representation.
Abstract: The variety of waves which can be supported by a plane homogeneous interface includes surface waves of the forward and backward type, and several kinds of complex wave, the latter being characterized by wave numbers which are complex even though the media involved are not necessarily lossy. The present study views all these waves as contributions due to poles in several alternative integral representations of a source-excited field, and places particular stress on the steepest-descent representation. The pole locations, field distributions and power-transport properties are explored in detail for all the wave types. Distinctions are made between proper (spectral, modal) and improper waves, and between lossy and lossless structures; complex waves along lossless structures are shown to appear always in degenerate pairs consisting of a forward and a backward wave, with interesting power-flow characteristics. The different wave types are grouped into the general category of guided complex waves which propagate without attenuation as inhomogeneous slow plane waves at some angle to the interface. Power-transport considerations via the steepest-descent representation show that these waves either carry power to compensate for losses in the system or account for a transfer of energy into the radiation field.
224 citations
01 Feb 1963
TL;DR: The presence of complex waves in the near field of a source-excited plane homogeneous interface is shown to play an important role in determining certain features of the radiation field as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The presence of complex waves in the near field of a source-excited plane homogeneous interface is shown to play an important role in determining certain features of the radiation field. A Kirchhoff-Huygens integration over the near field reveals that, whenever these complex waves are strongly excited, they account for peaks in the radiation pattern. Under unidirectional excitation, each complex wave yields a single peak at some oblique angle; for bi-directional excitation, either two peaks appear symmetrically located about a normal to the interface, or a single peak is present in this normal (broadside-on) direction. It is also shown that, when the complex wave is slowly decaying at the interface, the peaks occur close to the angle of definition θ
c
for that wave. These angles of maximum radiation and the associated gain functions are expressed, in all these cases, in terms of the location in the steepest-descent plane of the pole corresponding to the complex wave. These features are also shown to be consistent with the radiation mechanism discussed in the companion paper, Part I.
129 citations