A low-cost noncontact capacitance-type level transducer for a conducting liquid
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to design a low-cost noncontact capacitance-type level sensor for a conducting liquid that is found to have good linearity and repeatability within acceptable limits.
Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a low-cost noncontact capacitance-type level sensor for a conducting liquid. The sensor is in the form of a uniform circular cylinder made of insulating material like glass, ceramic, plastic, etc. The sensor is connected with the metallic- or nonmetallic-type liquid storage tank, in which the conducting liquid column is taken as one electrode, and a noninductively wound short-circuited outside coil is taken as the other electrode of a variable capacitor. The change in capacitance due to the change of liquid level is measured by a modified linear operational-amplifier-based De' Sauty bridge network with adjustable bridge sensitivity. The bridge output after amplification and rectification may be used to drive a direct current indicator calibrated in level. The studies have been made with high-density polyethylene and glass tube sensors separately in both metallic and nonmetallic storage tanks with tap water as the conducting liquid, and the experimental results of the static characteristics of the level sensors with percentage error from linearity are presented in the paper. These results are found to have good linearity and repeatability within acceptable limits
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TL;DR: In this paper, a noncontact type polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based liquid volume sensor is presented, which is attached to the wall of the container and detects the resonance frequency of vibration, which shifts as a result of change in liquid volume.
Abstract: We report a non-contact type polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based liquid volume sensor. When a liquid container vibrates due to an applied impact, our sensor that is attached to the wall of the container detects the resonance frequency of vibration, which shifts as a result of change in liquid volume. The sensitivity of our sensor was enhanced by stacking multiple sensors in series. A PVDF bimorph actuator was also fabricated to demonstrate an integrated actuator-sensor system. We believe that the results presented in this work will pave the way for novel applications in volume sensing.
15 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The present chapter briefly reviews the important capacitive sensors suitable for the transduction applications and some advanced electronic circuits for interfacing the perfect and the lossy capacitor sensors are discussed.
Abstract: Today, capacitive sensors are playing an important role in the measurement of different types of physical and chemical parameters. The capacitive sensor is very old and still it finds many new applications in different fields. Different types of the capacitive sensors and the interface electronics can be used for the instrumentation and the transduction application. The present chapter briefly reviews the important capacitive sensors suitable for the transduction applications. Some advanced electronic circuits for interfacing the perfect and the lossy capacitive sensors are discussed. The electronic circuits combine the advantages of the bridge method and the oscillator method of interfacing.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a very simple electro-optic system has been developed to transmit the electrical signal output of the transducer to a remote location using Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Abstract: Measurement of liquid level in a storage tank using float is one of the important, simplest and cheapest method. However, the main drawback of this sensor is its inability to transmit the reading. Costlier and complicated designs are developed to transmit the float position to a remote station like control room. Direct transmission of electrical signal through connecting wires is generally prohibited in the inflammable region. In this paper, a very simple electro-optic system has been developed to transmit the electrical signal output of the transducer to a remote location using Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The necessary equations describing the principle of operation of the proposed transmitter are derived and presented in this paper. The operation of the transmitter is experimentally tested, and the experimental results are reported in this paper. A very good linearity and repeatability of the transducer and transmitter characteristics have been observed.
14 citations
Cites background from "A low-cost noncontact capacitance-t..."
...[7] have designed a low cost non-contact type capacitive sensor for a conducting liquid....
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TL;DR: This paper has thoroughly reviewed the conventional as well as optical techniques of the liquid-level measurement and transmitting technologies of the measured quantity and concludes with a conclusion about transmitting technologies.
Abstract: Liquid-level measurement in storage tank system play an important role in industrial application such as in food processing, pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, water purification system, p...
14 citations
Cites background from "A low-cost noncontact capacitance-t..."
...The design used modified De’ Sauty Bridge as shown in Figure 5 and the studies were done on the conducting liquid with high-density polyethylene and glass tube sensors....
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...[27] have developed low-cost capacitive-level sensor with non-contact phenomena for conducting liquids....
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...Figure 5: Modifies De’ Sauty Bridge [27]...
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TL;DR: In this article, a Rayleigh-backscatter-based distributed fiber optic sensors were used to obtain high-resolution liquid-sodium temperature measurements and demonstrated the capability to use a single DTS to simultaneously detect thermal interfaces (e.g. sodium level) and measure temperature.
14 citations
Cites background from "A low-cost noncontact capacitance-t..."
...Additional newly developed or improved liquid metal level sensors include noncontact capacitance-level transducers [6], Fiber Bragg Grating sensors [7], and magnetic induction tomography [8]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present general principles of measurement systems, including reliability, choice and economics of measurement system elements, as well as the accuracy and reliability of the measurement system in the steady state.
Abstract: Part I: General Principles 1. The general measurement system. 2. Static characteristics of measurement system elements. 3. The accuracy of measurement systems in the steady state. 4. Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems. 5. Loading effects and two port networks. 6. Signals and noise in measurement systems. 7. Reliability, choice and economics of measurement systems. Part II: Typical Measurement System elements. 8. Sensing elements. 9. Signal conditioning elements. 10. Signal processing elements. 11. Data presentation elements. Part III: Speciaised Measurement Systems 12. Flow measurement systems. 13. Intrinsically safe measurement systems. 14. Heat transfer effects in measurement systems. 15. Optical measurement systems. 16. Ultrasonic measurement systems. 17. Gas chromatography. 18. Data acquisition. Answers to numerical problems. Index.
347 citations
"A low-cost noncontact capacitance-t..." refers background in this paper
...Index Terms—Cylindrical capacitor, error capacitance, glass tube level sensors, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tube level sensors, liquid level measurement, modified De’ Sauty bridge, noncontact capacitive level sensor....
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Book•
01 Jan 1963
TL;DR: In this article, electrical measurements and measuring instruments, Electrical measurements and measurement instruments, electrical measurement and measuring instrument, Electrical measurement and measurement instrument, electrical measurements, measuring instruments and measuring devices.
Abstract: Electrical measurements and measuring instruments , Electrical measurements and measuring instruments , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
96 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed description of the characteristics of a flowmetering system and its application in a variety of applications, including the following: anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTUs for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flow Meters, Magnetic FlowMeters, Coriolis Mass Flow-meters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmetmers-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and
Abstract: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flowsheet Symbols and P&I Diagrams Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols Instrument Terminology and Performance System Accuracy Uncertainty Calculations Configuring Intelligent Devices Instrument Installation Instrument Calibration Response Time and Drift Testing Redundant and Voting Systems Instrument Evaluation Binary Logic Diagrams FLOW MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmeters-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units Polyphase (Oil/Water/Gas) Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flowmeter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flowmeters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Variable-Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters V-Cone Flowmeter Venturi Tubes, Flow Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters Weirs and Flumes LEVEL MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Probes Conductivity and Field Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Microwave Level Switches Optical Level Devices Radar, Noncontacting Level Sensors Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, PDS) Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges Thermal Level Sensors Time Domain Reflectometry and Phase Difference Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Color Indicators, Crayons, Pellets Fiber-Optic Thermometers Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Pneumatic and Suction Pyrometers Pyrometric Cones Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers Quartz Crystal Thermometry Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells Ultrasonic Thermometers PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Selection and Application Accessories: Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, and Manifolds Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Multiple Pressure Scanners Multiple Pressure Scanners Pressure Gauges Pressure Repeaters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Vacuum Sensors DENSITY MEASUREMENT Density: Applications and Selection Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas, Liquid, and Slurry Services) Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers Liquid/Slurry/Gas Density-Vibrating Densitometers Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers Gas Densitometers SAFETY AND MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS Boroscopes Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Electrical Meters and Sensors Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arresters, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Leak Detectors Linear and Angular Position Detection Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Relief Valves-Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves-Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Discs Soft Sensors Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Transducers Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Weather Stations Weighing Systems: General Considerations Weight Sensors ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analyzer Application and Selection Analyzer Sampling: Process Samples Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles Air Quality Monitoring Biometers Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Oxygen Demand Calorimeters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustibles Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Analyzers Corrosion Monitoring Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor Dioxin Analysis Elemental Monitors Fiber-Optic Probes Fluoride Analyzers Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Open Path Spectrometry Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particulates, Opacity, Dust, and Smoke Particle Size and Distribution Monitors pH Measurement Phosphorus Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers - ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers Sulfur Oxide Analyzers Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon Analyzers Toxic Gas Monitoring Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers-Application and Selection Viscometers-Laboratory Viscometers-Industrial Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers APPENDIX International System of Units Engineering Conversion Factors Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Metallic and Other Materials Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Directory of "Lost" Companies INDEX
93 citations
"A low-cost noncontact capacitance-t..." refers background in this paper
...Index Terms—Cylindrical capacitor, error capacitance, glass tube level sensors, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tube level sensors, liquid level measurement, modified De’ Sauty bridge, noncontact capacitive level sensor....
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...However, this type of measuring system is much costlier than the other similar instruments....
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TL;DR: In this article, a stray-immune capacitance measuring instrument based on the charge transfer principle is described, which has a programmable measurement frequency up to several megahertz and is inexpensive and suitable for integration onto a single chip.
Abstract: A stray-immune capacitance measuring instrument based on the charge transfer principle is described. It has a programmable measurement frequency up to several megahertz and is inexpensive and suitable for integration onto a single chip. The effects of stray capacitances, including those of the switching components, have been eliminated by using a special switching arrangement, resulting in a baseline drift of 0.02 pF (at 1-MHz measurement frequency) over a 12-h period. >
91 citations