A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites

doi:10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2010.02.001

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A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites

Journal Article•DOI•

A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites

Adrian P. Mouritz¹, Brian N. Cox•Institutions (1)

RMIT University¹

01 Jun 2010-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing (Elsevier)-Vol. 41, Iss: 6, pp 709-728

TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of substantial published data for 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites quantifies the advantages and disadvantages of these different types of through-thickness reinforcement for in-plane mechanical properties.

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Abstract: A comparison of substantial published data for 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites quantifies the advantages and disadvantages of these different types of through-thickness reinforcement for in-plane mechanical properties. Stitching or 3D weaving can either improve or degrade the tension, compression, flexure and interlaminar shear properties, usually by less than 20%. Furthermore, the property changes are not strongly influenced by the volume content or diameter of the through-thickness reinforcement for these two processes. One implication of this result is that high levels of through-thickness reinforcement can be incorporated where needed to achieve high impact damage resistance. In contrast, pinning always degrades in-plane properties and fatigue performance, to a degree that increases monotonically with the volume content and diameter of the pins. Property trends are interpreted where possible in terms of known failure mechanisms and expectations from modelling. Some major gaps in data and mechanistic understanding are identified, with specific suggestions for new standards for recording data and new types of experiments.

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Journal Article•DOI•

X-ray radiography and micro-computed tomography examination of damage characteristics in stitched composites subjected to impact loading

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Kwek Tze Tan¹, Naoyuki Watanabe¹, Y. Iwahori²•Institutions (2)

Tokyo Metropolitan University¹, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency²

01 Jun 2011-Composites Part B-engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of stitch density and thread thickness on impact damage in stitched composites was investigated, and it was revealed that stitches act as crack initiation sites due to the presence of weak resin-rich pockets around stitch threads, thus inevitably resulting in densely stitched composite having more stitch-induced matrix cracks upon impact loading.

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Abstract: In this study, X-ray radiography and X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) are employed to characterise impact damage in stitched composites, paying particular attention to the influence of stitch density and stitch thread thickness. Laminated composites, stitched with varying stitch densities and stitch thread thicknesses, are subjected to low-velocity impact loading at various energy levels. X-ray radiography is used to observe in-plane matrix cracks and overall delamination propagation; whilst μCT is exploited to examine cross-sectional views showing detailed through-thickness matrix cracks distribution and 3D delamination damage pattern. It is revealed that stitches act as crack initiation sites, due to the presence of weak resin-rich pockets around stitch threads, thus inevitably resulting in densely stitched composites having more stitch-induced matrix cracks upon impact loading. It is also concluded that specimens with higher stitch density and thread thickness are more capable of impeding delamination growth by effectively bridging delamination cracks and arresting crack propagation. μCT evidently shows that 3D delamination pattern in densely stitched composite is more cylindrical in shape, whereas that of a moderately stitched or unstitched composite is more conical.

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206 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Interfacial characterization, control and modification of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

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Li Liu¹, Chuyuan Jia¹, Jinmei He¹, Feng Zhao¹, Dapeng Fan¹, Lixin Xing¹, Mingqiang Wang¹, Fang Wang¹, Zaixing Jiang¹, Yudong Huang¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (1)

Harbin Institute of Technology¹

16 Dec 2015-Composites Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this article, a series of effective characterization methods have been developed and initial interface characterization system is always being improved, such as carbon fiber composite material characterization methods, interface control, and interfacial modification methods.

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189 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The fatigue of carbon fibre reinforced plastics - A review

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Parvez Alam¹, Dimitrios Mamalis¹, Colin Robert¹, Christophe Floreani¹, Conchúr M. Ó Brádaigh¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

University of Edinburgh¹

01 Jun 2019-Composites Part B-engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide the most relevant and up-to-date information on the fatigue of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), focusing on defining fatigue and the mechanics of cyclically loaded composites, elucidating the fatigue response and fatigue properties of CFRP in different forms.

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Abstract: Engineering structures are often subjected to the conditions of cyclic-loading, which onsets material fatigue, detrimentally affecting the service-life and damage tolerance of components and joints. Carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) are high-strength, low-weight composites that are gaining ubiquity in place of metals and glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) not only due to their outstanding strength-to-weight properties, but also because carbon fibres are relatively inert to environmental degradation and thus show potential as corrosion resistant materials. The effects of cyclic loading on the fatigue of CFRP are detailed in several papers. As such, collating research on CFRP fatigue into a single document is a worthwhile exercise, as it will benefit the engineering-readership interested in designing fatigue resistant structures and components using CFRP. This review article aims to provide the most relevant and up-to-date information on the fatigue of CFRP. The review focuses in particular on defining fatigue and the mechanics of cyclically-loaded composites, elucidating the fatigue response and fatigue properties of CFRP in different forms, discussing the importance of environmental factors on the fatigue performance and service-life, and summarising the different approaches taken to modelling fatigue in CFRP.

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161 citations

Cites background from "A mechanistic interpretation of the..."

...An extensive study of Mouritz and Cox [142] for example, reveals a loss of modulus and strength in quasi static tension, bending, and compression of 3D composites as compared to their 2D counterparts....
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...Mouritz and Cox claims that, if the initial monotonic strength difference is discarded by normalising the S-N curves, the trend is then similar in some cases....
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...ing process influence the monotonic mechanical properties, and the final 3D stitched composites sometimes display better, sometimes worse moduli and failure strengths as compared to 2D composites [139, 142, 149, 150]....
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...Carbon fibre distortion and crimping encourages microbuckling in (C-C) fatigue [142, 156], while waviness and fibre breakage reduces the (T-T) fatigue strength [145, 146]....
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...A loss in the fatigue strength and fatigue life has also been reported [142] in many cases, with some notable exceptions, e....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of fibre architecture on the tensile, compressive and flexural behaviour of 3D woven composites

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Shuo Dai¹, P.R. Cunningham¹, Stephen A. Marshall¹, C. Silva¹•Institutions (1)

Loughborough University¹

01 Feb 2015-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this article, the tensile, compressive, and flexural performance of six types of 3D woven carbon-fibre/epoxy composites which were manufactured using a traditional narrow fabric weaving loom and resin transfer molding was investigated.

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Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the tensile, compressive, and flexural performance of six types of 3D woven carbon-fibre/epoxy composites which were manufactured using a traditional narrow fabric weaving loom and resin transfer moulding Four orthogonal and two angle-interlock weaves were tested with the primary loading direction parallel to the warp direction The mechanical performance was found to be affected by the distribution of resin rich regions and the waviness of the load-carrying fibres, which were determined by the fibre architectures The binding points within the resin rich regions were found to be the damage initiation sites in all weave types under all loading conditions, which were confirmed with both visual observation and digital image correlation strain maps Among all weave types, the angle interlock weave W-3 exhibited the highest properties under all loading conditions

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155 citations

Cites background from "A mechanistic interpretation of the..."

...However, due to the limited published data for flexural strength, it is difficult to determine whether the flexural strength is increased or decreased by the through-thickness fibres [2]....
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...The current trend in composites research in the aerospace and automotive industry is to develop advanced composites using low cost "out-of-autoclave" manufacturing techniques, produce a component with high structural integrity and high delamination resistance, and explore the potential for automated manufacturing processes [1, 2, 3]....
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...Three-dimensional woven composites have shown both increases and decreases in elastic modulus, tensile strength, and compressive strength compared with the conventional 2D laminated composites which have comparable in-plane fibre structures (such as similar in-plane fibre volume fraction) [2]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Protocols for the Optimal Design of Multi-Functional Cellular Structures: From Hypersonics to Micro-Architected Materials

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Lorenzo Valdevit¹, Alan J. Jacobsen², Julia R. Greer³, William B. Carter²•Institutions (3)

University of California, Irvine¹, HRL Laboratories², California Institute of Technology³

29 Jun 2011-Journal of the American Ceramic Society

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a motivation for the development of micro-architected materials, namely periodic multiscale cellular materials with overall macroscopic dimensions yet with features (such as the unit cell or subunit cell constituents) at the micro- or nano-scale.

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Abstract: Cellular materials with periodic architectures have been extensively investigated over the past decade for their potential to provide multifunctional solutions for a variety of applications, including lightweight thermo-structural panels, blast resistant structures, and high-authority morphing components. Stiffer and stronger than stochastic foams, periodic cellular materials lend themselves well to geometry optimization, enabling a high degree of tailorability and superior performance benefits. This article reviews a commonly established optimal design protocol, extensively adopted at the macro-scale for both single and multifunctional structures. Two prototypical examples are discussed: the design of strong and lightweight sandwich beams subject to mechanical loads and the combined material/geometry optimization of actively cooled combustors for hypersonic vehicles. With this body of literature in mind, we present a motivation for the development of micro-architected materials, namely periodic multiscale cellular materials with overall macroscopic dimensions yet with features (such as the unit cell or subunit cell constituents) at the micro- or nano-scale. We review a suite of viable manufacturing approaches and discuss the need for advanced experimental tools, numerical models, and optimization strategies. In analyzing challenges and opportunities, we conclude that the technology is approaching maturity for the development of micro-architected materials with unprecedented combinations of properties (e.g., specific stiffness and strength), with tremendous potential impact on a number of fields.

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124 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites

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Adrian P. Mouritz¹, M.K. Bannister², P. J. Falzon², K.H. Leong²•Institutions (2)

Defence Science and Technology Organisation¹, Cooperative Research Centre²

01 Dec 1999-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this article, the potential applications of 3D fiber reinforced polymer composites made by the textile processes of weaving, braiding, stitching, and knitting are reviewed, and the scientific, technical, and economic issues impeding the more widespread use of three-dimensional textile composites are identified.

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Abstract: Current and future potential applications for three-dimensional (3D) fibre reinforced polymer composites made by the textile processes of weaving, braiding, stitching and knitting are reviewed. 3D textile composites have a vast range of properties that are superior to traditional 2D laminates, however to date these properties have not been exploited for many applications. The scientific, technical and economic issues impeding the more widespread use of 3D textile composites are identified. Structures that have been made to demonstrate the possible uses of 3D composites are described, and these include applications in aircraft, marine craft, automobiles, civil infrastructure and medical prosthesis.

...read moreread less

1,015 citations

"A mechanistic interpretation of the..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Methods for inserting z-binders by 3D weaving, stit ching and pinning are described in numerous reviews [1,2,5-7,12,21-23]....
[...]
...Furthermore, 3D weaving or stitching is usually per formed on computer-controlled looms and sewing machines, which promotes (but does not entirely achieve) consistent properties [1,12,13,21-23]....
[...]
...For these reasons, 3D reinforced composites are being d veloped for aircraft, rocket and other high performance applications [1,12]....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Compressive failure of fibre composites

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Bernard Budiansky¹, Norman A. Fleck²•Institutions (2)

Harvard University¹, University of Cambridge²

01 Jan 1993-Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids

TL;DR: In this article, a review of experimental data and elementary theoretical formulas for compressive failure of polymer matrix fiber composites indicates that the dominant failure mode is by plastic kinking, which plays a central role in the local fiber misalignment.

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Abstract: A review of experimental data and elementary theoretical formulas for compressive failure of polymer matrix fibre composites indicates that the dominant failure mode is by plastic kinking. Initial local fibre misalignment plays a central role in the plastic kinking process. Theoretical analyses and numerical results for compressive kinking are presented, encompassing effects of strain-hardening, kink inclination, and applied shear stress. The assumption of rigid fibres is assessed critically, and the legitimacy of its use for polymer matrix composites is established.

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702 citations

"A mechanistic interpretation of the..." refers background in this paper

...wide [104], which is much less than the spacing bet we n individual stitches of 2 – 20...
[...]
...The compressive stress required for kinking decreas es with increasing misalignment angle [104] and therefore kink initiation occurs fi rst at the most heavily distorted...
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Review of z-pinned composite laminates

[...]

Adrian P. Mouritz¹•Institutions (1)

RMIT University¹

01 Dec 2007-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this article, the benefits and drawbacks of z-pinning on the interlaminar toughness, damage tolerance and in-plane mechanical properties are compared against other common types of through-thickness reinforcement for composites, such as 3D weaving and stitching.

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Abstract: This paper reviews published research into polymer composite laminates reinforced in the through-thickness direction with z-pins. Research into the manufacture, microstructure, delamination resistance, damage tolerance, joint strength and mechanical properties of z-pinned composites is described. Benefits of reinforcing composites with z-pins are assessed, including improvements to the delamination toughness, impact damage resistance, post-impact damage tolerance and through-thickness properties. Improvements to the failure strength of bonded and bearing joints due to z-pinning are also examined. The paper also reviews research into the adverse effects of z-pins on the in-plane mechanical properties, which includes reduced elastic modulus, strength and fatigue performance. Mechanisms responsible for the reduction to the in-plane properties are discussed, and techniques to minimise the adverse effect of z-pins are described. The benefits and drawbacks of z-pinning on the interlaminar toughness, damage tolerance and in-plane mechanical properties are compared against other common types of through-thickness reinforcement for composites, such as 3D weaving and stitching. Gaps in our understanding and unresolved research problems with z-pinned composites are identified to provide a road map for future research into these materials.

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630 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching—a review

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Kimberley A. Dransfield¹, Caroline Baillie¹, Yiu-Wing Mai¹•Institutions (1)

University of Sydney¹

01 Jan 1994-Composites Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an overview of stitching techniques, which can provide through-thickness reinforcement of a traditional 2D laminate, thus improving its resistance to delamination.

...read moreread less

490 citations

"A mechanistic interpretation of the..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Methods for inserting z-binders by 3D weaving, stit ching and pinning are described in numerous reviews [1,2,5-7,12,21-23]....
[...]
...3 1 INTRODUCTION Composites containing high densities of in-plane fi b rs along with lesser densities of fibers oriented through the thickness can offer an attractive combination of high inplane mechanical properties and enhanced delaminati on toughness and impact damage resistance [1-11]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A review of the effect of stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites

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Adrian P. Mouritz¹, K.H. Leong², I. Herszberg³•Institutions (3)

Defence Science and Technology Organisation¹, Cooperative Research Centre², RMIT University³

01 Jan 1997-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites is reviewed and the implications of these findings for the use of stitching in lightweight engineering structures are discussed.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This paper reviews over fifty studies into the effect of through-the-thickness stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Reviewed are the in-plane tensile, compressive, flexure, interlaminar shear, creep, fracture and fatigue properties, although little work has been undertaken on the last three properties. When comparing studies it is apparent that many contradictions exist: some studies reveal that stitching does not affect or may improve slightly the in-plane properties while others find that the properties are degraded. In reviewing these studies it is demonstrated that predicting the influence of stitching on the in-plane properties is difficult because it is governed by a variety of factors, including the type of composite (eg. type of fibre, resin, lay-up configuration), the stitching conditions (eg. type of thread, stitch pattern, stitch density, stitch tension, thread diameter), and the loading condition. The implications of these findings for the use of stitching in lightweight engineering structures are discussed.

...read moreread less

416 citations

"A mechanistic interpretation of the..." refers background in this paper

...2, which is also qualitatively representative of fiber breakage due to pinning [4,13,24-26]....
[...]
...Furthermore, 3D weaving or stitching is usually per formed on computer-controlled looms and sewing machines, which promotes (but does not entirely achieve) consistent properties [1,12,13,21-23]....
[...]
...Microstructural examination of 3D woven [28-32], st itched [13,33] and pinned [4,35,36] composites reveals that significant disto rtion of the in-plane fibres occurs during weaving or insertion of stitches or pins as well as during consolidation of the composite....
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...While several studies have measured the in-plane fiber waviness angle around z-binders [13,36], measurements of the through-thick ness fiber crimp angle have not been reported....
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...[13] and Mouritz and Cox [14] highli ghted for stitched composites, some studies report an improvement to in-plane mech ani al properties due to stitching, whereas others find unchanged or degrade d properties....
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