scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal Article•DOI•

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants.

F. Bourque1, E. Van der Ven1, Ashok Malla1•
Douglas Mental Health University Institute1
01 May 2011-Psychological Medicine (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 41, Iss: 5, pp 897-910
TL;DR: The increased risk of schizophrenia and related disorders among immigrants clearly persists into the second generation, suggesting that post-m migration factors play a more important role than pre-migration factors or migration per se.
Abstract: BackgroundThere is increasing acceptance of migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia and related disorders; however, the magnitude of the risk among second-generation immigrants (SGIs) remains unclear. Generational differences in the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants might improve our understanding of the relationship between migration, ethnicity and psychotic disorders. This meta-analysis aimed at determining the risk of psychotic disorders among SGIs in comparison with non-migrants and first-generation immigrants (FGIs).MethodMedline, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched systematically for population-based studies on migration and psychotic disorders published between 1977 and 2008. We also contacted experts, tracked citations and screened bibliographies. All potential publications were screened by two independent reviewers in a threefold process. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported incidence data, differentiated FGIs from SGIs and provided age-adjusted data. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted for each study.ResultsTwenty-one studies met all inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of 61 effect sizes for FGIs and 28 for SGIs yielded mean-weighted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of 2.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–2.7] for FGIs and 2.1 (95% CI 1.8–2.5) for SGIs. There was no significant risk difference between generations, but there were significant differences according to ethno-racial status and host country.ConclusionsThe increased risk of schizophrenia and related disorders among immigrants clearly persists into the second generation, suggesting that post-migration factors play a more important role than pre-migration factors or migration per se. The observed variability suggests that the risk is mediated by the social context.
Citations
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
The environment and schizophrenia

[...]

Jim van Os1, Jim van Os2, Gunter Kenis1, Bart P. F. Rutten1•
Maastricht University Medical Centre1, King's College London2
11 Nov 2010-Nature
TL;DR: Although heritability is often emphasized, onset is associated with environmental factors such as early life adversity, growing up in an urban environment, minority group position and cannabis use, suggesting that exposure may have an impact on the developing ‘social’ brain during sensitive periods.
Abstract: Psychotic syndromes can be understood as disorders of adaptation to social context. Although heritability is often emphasized, onset is associated with environmental factors such as early life adversity, growing up in an urban environment, minority group position and cannabis use, suggesting that exposure may have an impact on the developing 'social' brain during sensitive periods. Therefore heritability, as an index of genetic influence, may be of limited explanatory power unless viewed in the context of interaction with social effects. Longitudinal research is needed to uncover gene-environment interplay that determines how expression of vulnerability in the general population may give rise to more severe psychopathology.

1,283 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012

[...]

Judith L. Rapoport1, Jay N. Giedd1, Nitin Gogtay1•
National Institutes of Health1
10 Apr 2012-Molecular Psychiatry
TL;DR: This selective review updates the 2005 review of recent studies that have impacted, or have the greatest potential to modify or extend, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, and suggests that placental pathology could be a key measure in future prenatal high-risk studies.
Abstract: The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, which posits that the illness is the end state of abnormal neurodevelopmental processes that started years before the illness onset, is widely accepted, and has long been dominant for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. This selective review updates our 2005 review of recent studies that have impacted, or have the greatest potential to modify or extend, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Longitudinal whole-population studies support a dimensional, rather than categorical, concept of psychosis. New studies suggest that placental pathology could be a key measure in future prenatal high-risk studies. Both common and rare genetic variants have proved surprisingly diagnostically nonspecific, and copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia are often also associated with autism, epilepsy and intellectual deficiency. Large post-mortem gene expression studies and prospective developmental multi-modal brain imaging studies are providing critical data for future clinical and high-risk developmental brain studies. Whether there can be greater molecular specificity for phenotypic characterization is a subject of current intense study and debate, as is the possibility of neuronal phenotyping using human pluripotent-inducible stem cells. Biological nonspecificity, such as in timing or nature of early brain development, carries the possibility of new targets for broad preventive treatments.

673 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders

[...]

Cherrie Galletly1, David J. Castle2, Frances Dark, Verity Humberstone, Assen Jablensky3, Eoin Killackey2, Jayashri Kulkarni4, Patrick D. McGorry2, Olav Nielssen5, Nga Tran2 •
University of Adelaide1, University of Melbourne2, University of Western Australia3, Monash University, Clayton campus4, University of Sydney5
01 May 2016-Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
TL;DR: This guideline takes a holistic approach, addressing all aspects of the care of people with schizophrenia and related disorders, not only correct diagnosis and symptom relief but also optimal recovery of social function, and uses a clinical staging model as a framework for recommendations regarding assessment, treatment and ongoing care.
Abstract: Objectives:This guideline provides recommendations for the clinical management of schizophrenia and related disorders for health professionals working in Australia and New Zealand. It aims to encou...

641 citations

Cites background from "A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..."

  • ...Some migrant groups have substantially higher risks of schizophrenia (Bourque et al., 2011; Cantor-Graae and Selten, 2005), and people born and raised in urban areas have an increased risk of schizophrenia, compared with those born and raised in rural settings (Vassos et al., 2012)....

    [...]

  • ...Some migrant groups have substantially higher risks of schizophrenia (Bourque et al., 2011; Cantor-Graae and Selten, 2005), and people born and raised in urban areas have an increased risk of schizophrenia, compared with those born and raised in rural settings (Vassos et al....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease

[...]

Darryl W. Eyles1, Thomas H. J. Burne2, Thomas H. J. Burne1, John J. McGrath1, John J. McGrath2 •
Park Centre for Mental Health1, University of Queensland2
01 Jan 2013-Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
TL;DR: The preclinical findings revealing that vitamin D can regulate catecholamine levels and protect against specific Alzheimer-like pathology increase the plausibility of this link.

571 citations

Cites background from "A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..."

  • ...Commentators have noted that migrants with dark skin (or from countries where most of the population have dark skin) may be particularly vulnerable to schizophrenia (Bourque et al., 2011; Cantor-Graae and Selten, 2005; Dealberto, 2010)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move

[...]

Ibrahim Abubakar1, Robert W Aldridge1, Delan Devakumar1, Miriam Orcutt1, Rachel Burns1, Mauricio Lima Barreto2, Poonam Dhavan3, Fouad M. Fouad4, Nora Groce1, Yan Guo5, Sally Hargreaves6, Sally Hargreaves7, Michael Knipper8, J. Jaime Miranda9, Nyovani Madise10, Bernadette N. Kumar11, Davide Mosca3, Terry McGovern12, Leonard S. Rubenstein13, Peter Sammonds1, Susan M Sawyer14, Susan M Sawyer15, Kabir Sheikh15, Kabir Sheikh16, Stephen Tollman17, Paul Spiegel13, Cathy Zimmerman18, J. Jaime Miranda9, Mustafa Abbas, Eleanor Acer, Ayesha Ahmad, Seye Abimbola, Karl Blanchet, Philippe Bocquier, Fiona Samuels, Olga Byrne, Sonia Haerizadeh, Rita Issa, Mark A. Collinson, Carren Ginsburg, Ilan Kelman, Alys McAlpine, Nicola S. Pocock, Barbara Olshansky, Dandara de Oliveira Ramos, Michael J. White, Suzanne Zhou •
University College London1, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation2, International Organization for Migration3, American University of Beirut4, Peking University5, Imperial College London6, St George's, University of London7, University of Giessen8, Cayetano Heredia University9, University of Southampton10, University of Oslo11, Columbia University12, Johns Hopkins University13, Royal Children's Hospital14, University of Melbourne15, Public Health Foundation of India16, University of the Witwatersrand17, University of London18
15 Dec 2018-The Lancet
TL;DR: The most prominent dialogue focuses almost exclusively on migration from LMICs to high-income countries (HICs), where nationalist movements assert so-called cultural sovereignty by delineating an us versus them rhetoric, creating a moral emergency.

449 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology - A proposal for reporting

[...]

Donna F. Stroup1, Jesse A. Berlin2, Sally C. Morton3, Ingram Olkin4, G. D. Williamson1, Drummond Rennie5, Drummond Rennie6, David Moher, Betsy Jane Becker7, Theresa Ann Sipe8, Stephen B. Thacker1 •
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, University of Pennsylvania2, RAND Corporation3, Stanford University4, University of California, San Francisco5, American Medical Association6, Michigan State University7, Georgia State University8
19 Apr 2000-JAMA
TL;DR: A checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion should improve the usefulness ofMeta-an analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and decision makers.
Abstract: ObjectiveBecause of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature, research results must be synthesized. Meta-analyses are increasingly used to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. A workshop was held in Atlanta, Ga, in April 1997, to examine the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid authors, reviewers, editors, and readers.ParticipantsTwenty-seven participants were selected by a steering committee, based on expertise in clinical practice, trials, statistics, epidemiology, social sciences, and biomedical editing. Deliberations of the workshop were open to other interested scientists. Funding for this activity was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.EvidenceWe conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies using MEDLINE, Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), PsycLIT, and the Current Index to Statistics. We also examined reference lists of the 32 studies retrieved and contacted experts in the field. Participants were assigned to small-group discussions on the subjects of bias, searching and abstracting, heterogeneity, study categorization, and statistical methods.Consensus ProcessFrom the material presented at the workshop, the authors developed a checklist summarizing recommendations for reporting meta-analyses of observational studies. The checklist and supporting evidence were circulated to all conference attendees and additional experts. All suggestions for revisions were addressed.ConclusionsThe proposed checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Use of the checklist should improve the usefulness of meta-analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and decision makers. An evaluation plan is suggested and research areas are explored.

17,663 citations

"A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Migration is now being increasingly recognized as a risk factor for schizophrenia (Selten et al. 2007 ; Tandon et al. 2008)....

    [...]

  • ...…risk estimates between 2 and 3 emphasize that migrant status, either FGI or SGI, cannot be disregarded as an important risk factor for psychotic disorders, with a risk magnitude within the same range as that associated with cannabis use, urbanicity or perinatal complications (Tandon et al. 2008)....

    [...]

Book•
Introduction to Meta-Analysis

[...]

Michael Borenstein, Larry V. Hedges1, Julian P T Higgins2, Hannah R. Rothstein3•
Northwestern University1, Medical Research Council2, Baruch College3
27 Apr 2009

10,518 citations

"A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Analyses were conducted under the random-effects model, which, unlike a fixed-effects model, assumes that studies will have different true effect sizes as a result of variations in methodology or study populations (Borenstein et al. 2009b)....

    [...]

  • ...The latter refers to heterogeneity, which was estimated by Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics (Borenstein et al. 2009c)....

    [...]

  • ...Prior to initiating meta-analyses, the variance for each effect size was estimated using the same formula applicable to rate ratios (Borenstein et al. 2009a ; Borenstein, 2010) : Variance=1/Nm+1/Nr, where Nm is the number of migrant cases and Nr is the number of reference cases....

    [...]

Book•
Systematic Reviews in Health Care : Meta-Analysis in Context

[...]

Matthias Egger, George Davey Smith, Douglas G. Altman
30 Nov 2000
TL;DR: The second edition of this best-selling book has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the significant changes and advances made in systematic reviewing.
Abstract: The second edition of this best-selling book has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the significant changes and advances made in systematic reviewing. New features include discussion on the rationale, meta-analyses of prognostic and diagnostic studies and software, and the use of systematic reviews in practice.

2,601 citations

"A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In addition, they can widen the base of studies by addressing broader questions and exploring patterns of results from primary studies (Egger et al. 2001)....

    [...]

  • ...We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of findings (Egger et al. 2001)....

    [...]

The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, 2nd ed.

[...]

Harris Cooper1, Larry V. Hedges, Jeffrey C. Valentine2•
Duke University1, University of Louisville2
01 Dec 2009

2,243 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study.

[...]

Assen Jablensky, Norman Sartorius, G. Ernberg, M. Anker, Ailsa E Korten, John E. Cooper, Richard O. Day, A. Bertelsen 
01 Jan 1992-Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement

1,680 citations

"A meta-analysis of the risk for psy..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The incidence of schizophrenia was long held to be homogeneous worldwide, leading to an emphasis on the genetic determination of the condition rather than on the contribution of social or environmental factors (Jablensky et al. 1992)....

    [...]

Related Papers (5)
Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review.

[...]

01 Jan 2005-American Journal of Psychiatry
Elizabeth Cantor-Graae, Jean-Paul Selten
The environment and schizophrenia

[...]

11 Nov 2010-Nature
Jim van Os, Jim van Os, Gunter Kenis, Bart P. F. Rutten 
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies

[...]

29 Mar 2012-Schizophrenia Bulletin
Filippo Varese, Filippo Varese, Feikje Smeets, Marjan Drukker, Ritsaert Lieverse, Tineke Lataster, Wolfgang Viechtbauer, John Read, Jim van Os, Jim van Os, Richard P. Bentall 
Social defeat: Risk factor for schizophrenia?

[...]

01 Aug 2005-British Journal of Psychiatry
Jean-Paul Selten, Elizabeth Cantor-Graae
Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study

[...]

01 Nov 2006-Psychological Medicine
Paul Fearon, James B. Kirkbride, Craig Morgan, Paola Dazzan, Kevin Morgan, Tuhina Lloyd, Gerard Hutchinson, Jane Tarrant, Wai Lun Alan Fung, J. S. Holloway, Rosemarie Mallett, Glynn Harrison, Julian Leff, Peter B. Jones, Robin M. Murray