A method for the production of reduced graphene oxide using benzylamine as a reducing and stabilizing agent and its subsequent decoration with Ag nanoparticles for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection
TL;DR: A stable aqueous dispersion of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been prepared by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide with the use of benzylamine as a reducing and stabilizing agent as discussed by the authors.
About: This article is published in Carbon.The article was published on 2011-08-01. It has received 309 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Graphene & Oxide.
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TL;DR: The current state-of-the-art in graphene oxide reduction, consisting of more than 50 types of reducing agent, will be reviewed from a synthetic chemistry point of view to understand the efficiency of these reducing agents for the reduction of graphene oxide.
Abstract: The chemical reduction of graphene oxide is a promising route towards the large scale production of graphene for commercial applications. The current state-of-the-art in graphene oxide reduction, consisting of more than 50 types of reducing agent, will be reviewed from a synthetic chemistry point of view. Emphasis is placed on the techniques, reaction mechanisms and the quality of the produced graphene. The reducing agents are reviewed under two major categories: (i) those which function according to well-supported mechanisms and (ii) those which function according to proposed mechanisms based on knowledge of organic chemistry. This review will serve as a valuable platform to understand the efficiency of these reducing agents for the reduction of graphene oxide.
1,450 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the state-of-the-art for the chemical functionalization of graphite, graphene, graphite oxide, and graphite-based nanomaterials is presented.
Abstract: The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists. Furthermore, the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytical methods. In this Review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide and then outline the most important synthetic methods that are used for the production of these carbon-based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by noncovalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide, and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge of the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.
690 citations
TL;DR: The structure of graphene and graphene oxide is described and the most important synthetic methods used for the production of these carbon-based nanomaterials are outlined and the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by noncovalent and covalent approaches are summarized.
Abstract: The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet- chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists and the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytic methods. In this review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide. We then outline the most important synthetic methods which are used for the production of these carbon based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by non-covalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge about the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.
598 citations
TL;DR: The Fe3O4/r-GO hybrid presented here showing favorable electrochemical features may hold great promise to the development of electrochemical sensors, molecular bioelectronic devices, biosensors and biofuel cells.
450 citations
Cites background from "A method for the production of redu..."
...…modified electrode (3.2 μM at -0.3 V) (Ye et al., 2012), chemically reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanoparticles modified electrode (31.3 μM at −0.3 V) (Liu et al., 2011), Au/graphene/HRP/chitosan modified electrode (1.7 μM at −0.3 V) (Zhou et al., 2010), graphene/Au NPs/chitosan (180 μM at −0.2…...
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TL;DR: In this article, a gas sensor was fabricated using SnO2-rGO nanocomposites as sensing materials and investigated for detection of NO2 at low operating temperature (50°C).
Abstract: SnO2 nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide (SnO2-rGO) nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by a facile method via hydrothermal treatment of aqueous dispersion of GO in the presence of Sn salts. The combined characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate the successful formation of SnO2-rGO nanocomposites. To demonstrate the product on sensing application, gas sensors are fabricated using SnO2-rGO nanocomposites as sensing materials and investigated for detection of NO2 at low operating temperature (50 °C). It is found that SnO2-rGO nanocomposites exhibit high response of 3.31 at 5 ppm NO2, which is much higher than that of rGO (1.13), and rapid response, good selectivity and reproducibility. Furthermore, the reason for enhancing sensing performance by addition of SnO2 nanoparticles has also been discussed.
416 citations
References
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TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
55,532 citations
"A method for the production of redu..." refers background in this paper
...[2] Novoselov KS, Geim SV, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, et al....
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...The first challenge for the practical applications of graphene is its processing of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by an effective and scalable approach [2]....
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...Since the discovery by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 [1], graphene, a flat monolayer of sp-bonded carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, and characterized as ‘‘the thinnest material in our universe’’ [2–4], has received considerable attention due to its high surface area ( 2600 m/g), high chemical stability, and unique electronic, mechanical properties [5]....
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TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.
35,293 citations
"A method for the production of redu..." refers background in this paper
...Up to now, numerous techniques such as micromechanical exfoliation [1], chemical vapor deposition [10,11], chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) [12,13], electrochemical reduction of GO [14], photoreduction of GO [15–19], and other special strategies [20–23], etc....
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...[1] Geim AK, Novoselov KS....
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...Since the discovery by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 [1], graphene, a flat monolayer of sp-bonded carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, and characterized as ‘‘the thinnest material in our universe’’ [2–4], has received considerable attention due to its high surface area ( 2600 m/g), high chemical stability, and unique electronic, mechanical properties [5]....
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26,456 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.
12,756 citations
"A method for the production of redu..." refers background in this paper
...[31] Stankvich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y, et al....
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...aggregates in water due to the strong van der Waals interactions between them [31]....
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TL;DR: The bottom-up chemical approach of tuning the graphene sheet properties provides a path to a broad new class of graphene-based materials and their use in a variety of applications.
Abstract: The remarkable mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes arise from the exceptional strength and stiffness of the atomically thin carbon sheets (graphene) from which they are formed. In contrast, bulk graphite, a polycrystalline material, has low fracture strength and tends to suffer failure either by delamination of graphene sheets or at grain boundaries between the crystals. Now Stankovich et al. have produced an inexpensive polymer-matrix composite by separating graphene sheets from graphite and chemically tuning them. The material contains dispersed graphene sheets and offers access to a broad range of useful thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Individual sheets of graphene can be readily incorporated into a polymer matrix, giving rise to composite materials having potentially useful electronic properties. Graphene sheets—one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp2-bonded carbon—are predicted to have a range of unusual properties. Their thermal conductivity and mechanical stiffness may rival the remarkable in-plane values for graphite (∼3,000 W m-1 K-1 and 1,060 GPa, respectively); their fracture strength should be comparable to that of carbon nanotubes for similar types of defects1,2,3; and recent studies have shown that individual graphene sheets have extraordinary electronic transport properties4,5,6,7,8. One possible route to harnessing these properties for applications would be to incorporate graphene sheets in a composite material. The manufacturing of such composites requires not only that graphene sheets be produced on a sufficient scale but that they also be incorporated, and homogeneously distributed, into various matrices. Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantity, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here we present a general approach for the preparation of graphene-polymer composites via complete exfoliation of graphite9 and molecular-level dispersion of individual, chemically modified graphene sheets within polymer hosts. A polystyrene–graphene composite formed by this route exhibits a percolation threshold10 of ∼0.1 volume per cent for room-temperature electrical conductivity, the lowest reported value for any carbon-based composite except for those involving carbon nanotubes11; at only 1 volume per cent, this composite has a conductivity of ∼0.1 S m-1, sufficient for many electrical applications12. Our bottom-up chemical approach of tuning the graphene sheet properties provides a path to a broad new class of graphene-based materials and their use in a variety of applications.
11,866 citations
"A method for the production of redu..." refers background in this paper
...[7] Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, et al....
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...This unique nanostructure holds great promise for potential applications in nanoelectronics [6], hybrid [7], Li ion batteries [8], and sensors [9]....
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