A Mineralogy-Based Anthropogenic Combustion-Iron Emission Inventory
About: This article is published in Journal of Geophysical Research.The article was published on 2020-09-16 and is currently open access. It has received 30 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Emission inventory & Combustion.
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01 Dec 2005
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of aerosol samples obtained during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE)-Asia field campaign from Jeju Island, Korea, which intercepts the outflow from the Asian continent, shows that water soluble iron is not dominated by mineral dust sources even during large dust storms.
Abstract: [1] Iron, and in particular water soluble iron, is an important trace nutrient in the surface ocean, and therefore an important component in the global carbon cycle. Deposition of Asian aerosol is thought to be a primary source of water soluble iron in the northern Pacific. Analysis of aerosol samples obtained during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE)–Asia field campaign from Jeju Island, Korea, which intercepts the outflow from the Asian continent, shows that water soluble iron is not dominated by mineral dust sources even during large dust storms. Instead, our analysis indicates that particulate soluble iron and elemental carbon concentrations are correlated. This leads to the conclusion that soluble iron in this region is strongly connected to anthropogenic activity and not connected to mineral dust emissions, especially if the budget averaged over annual time scales is considered.
135 citations
21 May 2021
TL;DR: A review of research on pyrogenic aerosol iron can be found in this article, where it is shown that the iron solubility can be considerably higher than lithogenic aerosol.
Abstract: Aerosols supply bioaccessible iron to marine biota which could affect climate through biogeochemical feedbacks. This paper review progresses in research on pyrogenic aerosol iron. Observations and laboratory experiments indicate that the iron solubility of pyrogenic aerosol can be considerably higher than lithogenic aerosol. Aerosol models highlight a significant contribution of pyrogenic aerosols (~20%) to the atmospheric supply of dissolved iron into the ocean. Some ocean models suggest a higher efficiency of pyrogenic iron in enhancing marine productivity than lithogenic sources. It is, however, challenging to quantitatively estimate its impact on the marine biogeochemical cycles under the changing air quality and climate.
30 citations
27 citations
Cites background from "A Mineralogy-Based Anthropogenic Co..."
...…activity has provided a new (soluble) iron source via the combustion of fossil fuels (Ito, 2013; Luo et al., 2008) and industrial processes (Rathod et al., 2020), as well as enhancing land use sources of aerosols (Ward et al., 2014), although the interplay between land use, climate, and…...
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...A new transient (1980 to 2015) monthly anthropogenic iron (defined as sum of smelting iron and fuel combustion of coal, oil, and wood) emission inventory, based on Rathod et al. (2020), is developed and presented here for the first time....
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...2 of 12 Kok, Longlei Li, HitoshiMatsui, Natalie M. Mahowald inventory by Rathod et al. (2020) for 1980 to 2010, at 5‐year intervals....
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...%) iron solubility for fine (coarse) fire iron emissions exists, whereas anthropogenic iron is dominated by coal burning and metal smelting processes (Rathod et al., 2020) with an assumed solubility at emission in this study of 2% for all particle sizes....
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluate the contribution and spatiotemporal variability of nutrient-bearing aerosols from desert dust, wildfire, volcanic, and anthropogenic sources, including the organic component, deposition fluxes, and oceanic impacts.
Abstract: A key Earth system science question is the role of atmospheric deposition in supplying vital nutrients to the phytoplankton that form the base of marine food webs. Industrial and vehicular pollution, wildfires, volcanoes, biogenic debris, and desert dust all carry nutrients within their plumes throughout the globe. In remote ocean ecosystems, aerosol deposition represents an essential new source of nutrients for primary production. The large spatiotemporal variability in aerosols from myriad sources combined with the differential responses of marine biota to changing fluxes makes it crucially important to understand where, when, and how much nutrients from the atmosphere enter marine ecosystems. This review brings together existing literature, experimental evidence of impacts, and new atmospheric nutrient observations that can be compared with atmospheric and ocean biogeochemistry modeling. We evaluate the contribution and spatiotemporal variability of nutrient-bearing aerosols from desert dust, wildfire, volcanic, and anthropogenic sources, including the organic component, deposition fluxes, and oceanic impacts.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed the Iron Salt Aerosol (ISA) method, which is different from the method known as Ocean Iron Fertilization and the differences are explained.
23 citations
References
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TL;DR: Fine particulate and sulfur oxide--related pollution were associated with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopULmonary and lung cancer mortality.
Abstract: ContextAssociations have been found between day-to-day particulate air pollution
and increased risk of various adverse health outcomes, including cardiopulmonary
mortality. However, studies of health effects of long-term particulate air
pollution have been less conclusive.ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between long-term exposure to fine particulate
air pollution and all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsVital status and cause of death data were collected by the American
Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention II study, an ongoing prospective
mortality study, which enrolled approximately 1.2 million adults in 1982.
Participants completed a questionnaire detailing individual risk factor data
(age, sex, race, weight, height, smoking history, education, marital status,
diet, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures). The risk factor data
for approximately 500 000 adults were linked with air pollution data
for metropolitan areas throughout the United States and combined with vital
status and cause of death data through December 31, 1998.Main Outcome MeasureAll-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality.ResultsFine particulate and sulfur oxide–related pollution were associated
with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Each 10-µg/m3 elevation in fine particulate air pollution was associated with approximately
a 4%, 6%, and 8% increased risk of all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer
mortality, respectively. Measures of coarse particle fraction and total suspended
particles were not consistently associated with mortality.ConclusionLong-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution
is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary and lung cancer
mortality.
7,803 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of available scientific evidence shows that human alterations of the nitrogen cycle have approximately doubled the rate of nitrogen input into the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, with these rates still increasing; increased concentrations of the potent greenhouse gas N 2O globally, and increased concentration of other oxides of nitrogen that drive the formation of photochemical smog over large regions of Earth.
Abstract: Nitrogen is a key element controlling the species composition, diversity, dynamics, and functioning of many terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Many of the original plant species living in these ecosystems are adapted to, and function optimally in, soils and solutions with low levels of available nitrogen. The growth and dynamics of herbivore populations, and ultimately those of their predators, also are affected by N. Agriculture, combustion of fossil fuels, and other human activities have altered the global cycle of N substantially, generally increasing both the availability and the mobility of N over large regions of Earth. The mobility of N means that while most deliberate applications of N occur locally, their influence spreads regionally and even globally. Moreover, many of the mobile forms of N themselves have environmental consequences. Although most nitrogen inputs serve human needs such as agricultural production, their environmental conse- quences are serious and long term. Based on our review of available scientific evidence, we are certain that human alterations of the nitrogen cycle have: 1) approximately doubled the rate of nitrogen input into the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, with these rates still increasing; 2) increased concentrations of the potent greenhouse gas N 2O globally, and increased concentrations of other oxides of nitrogen that drive the formation of photochemical smog over large regions of Earth; 3) caused losses of soil nutrients, such as calcium and potassium, that are essential for the long-term maintenance of soil fertility; 4) contributed substantially to the acidification of soils, streams, and lakes in several regions; and 5) greatly increased the transfer of nitrogen through rivers to estuaries and coastal oceans. In addition, based on our review of available scientific evidence we are confident that human alterations of the nitrogen cycle have: 6) increased the quantity of organic carbon stored within terrestrial ecosystems; 7) accelerated losses of biological diversity, especially losses of plants adapted to efficient use of nitrogen, and losses of the animals and microorganisms that depend on them; and 8) caused changes in the composition and functioning of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems, and contributed to long-term declines in coastal marine fisheries.
5,729 citations
"A Mineralogy-Based Anthropogenic Co..." refers background in this paper
...decrease (Moffat, 1998; Paytan et al., 2009; Vitousek et al., 1997) primary productivity in oceans and on land....
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...…2013) through riverine (Desmidt et al., 2014; Schlesinger & Bernhardt, 2013) and atmospheric pathways (Mahowald et al., 2018) and therefore could enhance (e.g., Mahowald et al., 2018) or decrease (Moffat, 1998; Paytan et al., 2009; Vitousek et al., 1997) primary productivity in oceans and on land....
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TL;DR: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) was undertaken by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office with two primary objectives: to place observations from NASA's Earth Observing System satellites into a climate context and to improve upon the hydrologic cycle represented in earlier generations of reanalyses as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) was undertaken by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office with two primary objectives: to place observations from NASA’s Earth Observing System satellites into a climate context and to improve upon the hydrologic cycle represented in earlier generations of reanalyses. Focusing on the satellite era, from 1979 to the present, MERRA has achieved its goals with significant improvements in precipitation and water vapor climatology. Here, a brief overview of the system and some aspects of its performance, including quality assessment diagnostics from innovation and residual statistics, is given.By comparing MERRA with other updated reanalyses [the interim version of the next ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)], advances made in this new generation of reanalyses, as well as remaining deficiencies, are identified. Although there is little difference between the new reanalyses i...
4,572 citations
"A Mineralogy-Based Anthropogenic Co..." refers methods in this paper
...The Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA; Rienecker et al. (2011)) offline meteorology is used so that the different representations of anthropogenic iron‐containing aerosol can be compared without feedbacks on the meteorology....
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Book•
06 Mar 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a perspective of the global cycle of nitrogen and phosphorous, the global water cycle, and the global sulfur cycle from a global point of view.
Abstract: Part 1 Processes and reactions: origins the atmosphere the lithosphere the terrestrial biosphere biogeochemical cycling on land biogeochemistry in freshwater wetlands and lakes rivers and estuaries the sea. Part 2 Global cycles: the global water cycle the global carbon cycle the global cycle of nitrogen and phosphorous the global sulfur cycle a perspective.
3,871 citations
"A Mineralogy-Based Anthropogenic Co..." refers background in this paper
...…combustion provide nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and iron to land and oceans (Jickells et al., 2005; Krishnamurthy et al., 2007; Schlesinger & Bernhardt, 2013) through riverine (Desmidt et al., 2014; Schlesinger & Bernhardt, 2013) and atmospheric pathways (Mahowald et al.,…...
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...…iron to land and oceans (Jickells et al., 2005; Krishnamurthy et al., 2007; Schlesinger & Bernhardt, 2013) through riverine (Desmidt et al., 2014; Schlesinger & Bernhardt, 2013) and atmospheric pathways (Mahowald et al., 2018) and therefore could enhance (e.g., Mahowald et al., 2018) or…...
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: A case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project, which aims to provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers.
Abstract: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides access to information on a variety of topics related to the environment and strives to inform citizens of health risks. The EPA also has an extensive library network that consists of 26 libraries throughout the United States, which provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers. The EPA implemented a reorganization project to digitize their materials so they would be more accessible to a wider range of users, but this plan was drastically accelerated when the EPA was threatened with a budget cut. It chose to close and reduce the hours and services of some of their libraries. As a result, the agency was accused of denying users the “right to know” by making information unavailable, not providing an adequate strategic plan, and discarding vital materials. This case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project.
2,588 citations