A mini review on hydrogels classification and recent developments in miscellaneous applications.
TL;DR: The present review discusses the subject on the miscellaneous hydrogel with regard to their raw materials, methods of fabrication and applications, and summarizes the classification of hydrogels, based on their cross-linking and physical states.
About: This article is published in Materials Science and Engineering: C.The article was published on 2017-10-01. It has received 299 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering is described, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected.
Abstract: The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.
337 citations
Cites background from "A mini review on hydrogels classifi..."
...A hydrogel is a 3D flexible network of natural or synthetic polymer that is insoluble in water [28], e....
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...Classification of hydrogels can be based on different aspects (see Table 2) [28,29]....
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TL;DR: The importance of alginates and the roles of derivative polymeric materials in wound dressing biomaterials are addressed and studies on recent alginate-based wound dressing materials are discussed.
329 citations
TL;DR: The progress and new developments in the field of light‐responsive hydrogels are elaborated by first introducing the relevant photochemistries before discussing selected applications in detail.
Abstract: Hydrogels are the most relevant biochemical scaffold due to their tunable properties, inherent biocompatibility, and similarity with tissue and cell environments. Over the past decade, hydrogels have developed from static materials to "smart" responsive materials adapting to various stimuli, such as pH, temperature, chemical, electrical, or light. Light stimulation is particularly interesting for many applications because of the capability of contact-free remote manipulation of biomaterial properties and inherent spatial and temporal control. Moreover, light can be finely adjusted in its intrinsic properties, such as wavelength and intensity (i.e., the energy of an individual photon as well as the number of photons over time). Water is almost transparent for light in the photochemically relevant range (NIR-UV), thus hydrogels are well-suited scaffolds for light-responsive functionality. Hydrogels' chemical and physical variety combined with light responsiveness makes photoresponsive hydrogels ideal candidates for applications in several fields, ranging from biomaterials, medicine to soft robotics. Herein, the progress and new developments in the field of light-responsive hydrogels are elaborated by first introducing the relevant photochemistries before discussing selected applications in detail.
293 citations
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the commercially available hydrogels used for biomedical applications like wound dressings, contact lenses, cosmetic applications, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
223 citations
Cites background from "A mini review on hydrogels classifi..."
...By tuning their physicochemical properties and crosslinking reaction, the hydrogel can be processed as solid, semi-solid and liquid (Varaprasad et al., 2017)....
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...Since then many number of researches are going on about hydrogels in the field of agriculture, food industry, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (Varaprasad et al., 2017)....
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TL;DR: Nanocomposite hydrogels have special characteristics such as high swelling rate, selectivity and stimuli-sensitive nature and are therefore good bio-absorbent materials for environmental detoxification and biomedical engineering.
Abstract: Nanocomposite hydrogels are polymeric networks that possess a unique property of hydration. The presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and amides as hydrophilic moieties in structure of nanocomposite hydrogels enhances their stiffness and water-absorbing capacity. Addition of cross-linker in the synthesis of hydrogels increases their stability under extreme conditions of temperature, pH and pressure. Natural polymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels are biodegradable, highly hydrophilic and possess good mechanical strength. Gelatin, chitin, cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, starch and alginate are natural polymers commonly used to fabricate nanocomposite hydrogels. Nanocomposite hydrogels have special characteristics such as high swelling rate, selectivity and stimuli-sensitive nature. Here we review nanocomposite hydrogels for environmental protection and biomedical engineering. Applications in biomedical engineering include drug delivery agents, wound dressing, tissue engineering and antibacterials. Applications in environmental protection include ion exchangers, adsorption, photocatalysis and soil conditioning. Many nanocomposite hydrogels show excellent adsorption selectivity for heavy metal ions: Cu2+ up to 30.35 mg/g, Pb2+ up to 35.94 mg/g, and Zn2+ and Fe3+ up to 94.34 mg/g. Xanthan gum-based nanocomposite hydrogel has removed 96% dye from industrial effluent as reported. In addition, most of the nanocomposite hydrogels showed better adsorption capacity for pollutants in the pH range from 5 to 7. The nanocomposite hydrogels could also be regenerated and successfully utilized for several times. Nanocomposite hydrogels are therefore good bio-absorbent materials for environmental detoxification.
203 citations
References
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TL;DR: The composition and synthesis of hydrogels, the character of their absorbed water, and permeation of solutes within their swollen matrices are reviewed to identify the most important properties relevant to their biomedical applications.
5,173 citations
4,511 citations
TL;DR: A review of the literature concerning classification of hydrogels on different bases, physical and chemical characteristics of these products, and technical feasibility of their utilization is presented in this paper, together with technologies adopted for hydrogel production together with process design implications, block diagrams, and optimized conditions of the preparation process.
3,529 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this article is to present a concise review on the applications of hydrogels in the pharmaceutical field, hydrogel characterization and analysis of drug release from such devices.
3,484 citations
TL;DR: The properties of hydrogels that are important for tissue engineering applications and the inherent material design constraints and challenges are discussed.
Abstract: Hydrogels, due to their unique biocompatibility, flexible methods of synthesis, range of constituents, and desirable physical characteristics, have been the material of choice for many applications in regenerative medicine. They can serve as scaffolds that provide structural integrity to tissue constructs, control drug and protein delivery to tissues and cultures, and serve as adhesives or barriers between tissue and material surfaces. In this work, the properties of hydrogels that are important for tissue engineering applications and the inherent material design constraints and challenges are discussed. Recent research involving several different hydrogels polymerized from a variety of synthetic and natural monomers using typical and novel synthetic methods are highlighted. Finally, special attention is given to the microfabrication techniques that are currently resulting in important advances in the field.
2,339 citations