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Journal Article•DOI•

A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Performance of Global Cities

Karima Kourtit1, Cathy Macharis2, Peter Nijkamp1•
VU University Amsterdam1, Vrije Universiteit Brussel2
11 Jul 2013-Social Science Research Network-
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-criteria methodology for identifying the relative position of various important cities on the basis of distinct assessment criteria is presented, where the explicit consideration of the perceptions of important classes of stakeholders on the performance outcomes of the various cities involved allows for a enhanced policy analysis.
Abstract: The strong world-wide urbanisation trend calls for a repositioning of cities, especially the large cities with a global impact. These cities tend to become economic, logistic and political powerhouses and are increasingly involved in a competition on their integral performance. The present paper aims to trace to what extent and why some cities outperform others. Starting from an extensive database on many important characteristics of global cities, this paper offers a multi-criteria methodology for identifying the relative position of various important cities on the basis of distinct assessment criteria. The explicit consideration of the perceptions of important classes of stakeholders on the performance outcomes of the various cities involved allows for a enhanced policy analysis. From a technical assessment perspective, the applied part of the paper employs the MAMCA and PROMETHEE multi-criteria methodology, which have proven their analytical power in various mu lti-criteria evaluation problems over the past years. The paper concludes with some policy perspectives and lessons.

Summary (2 min read)

Jump to: [Introduction] – [1. Aims and Scope] – [2. Description of the Database] – [3. Results of the MAMCA Model] and [5. Policy Lessons]

Introduction

  • Tinbergen Institute has two locations: Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam Gustav Mahlerplein 117 1082 MS.
  • Duisenberg school of finance is a collaboration of the Dutch financial sector and universities, with the ambition to support innovative research and offer top quality academic education in core areas of finance.
  • The present paper aims to trace to what extent and why some cities outperform others.
  • Urbanisation, global cities, multi-criteria analysis, performance, stakeholders, MAMCA, PROMETHEE, GAIA * Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands Pn585kkmc 1, also known as Keywords.

1. Aims and Scope

  • In their urban century the majority of the people on their planet will live in cities.
  • A spatial concentration of activities, involving spatial and social proximity, increases the opportunities for interaction and knowledge transfer, while the resulting spillover effects reduce the cost of obtaining and processing knowledge.
  • Cities offer in this context an enormously rich potential for a wide array of innovative business opportunities.
  • This megatrend does not only mean a quantitative change in the share of inhabitants in urban areas in the national territory, but also a qualitative transformation of both a socioeconomic and political nature.

2. Description of the Database

  • Cities are engines of economic power but also nodes in global networks.
  • This idea formed the basis of the creation of the above-mentioned GPCI database.
  • This extensive GPCI database offers also the possibility for benchmarking of each individual city, in terms of strength and weakness regarding each individual performance indicator.
  • In addition, the importance of these indicators was carefully assessed by 5 distinct groups of 4    stakeholders, viz.

3. Results of the MAMCA Model

  • The authors study has tried to identify the potentially most powerful global city – measured in terms of 6 main criteria and a vast set of subcriteria – by applying an appropriate multi-criteria model, coined MAMCA.
  • MAMCA is a member of the family of multi-criteria analysis methods which have gained much popularity over the past decades.
  • Berlin, Amsterdam and Brussels appear to show the same pattern with always the same ranking, but Singapore is clearly very attractive for doing business, but clearly, much less attractive for the class of artists.
  • It may be added that also for the class of top-10 GPCI cities the strength-weakness profile for a given class of stakeholders, for example, the class of visitors, can again be mapped out, so that a more detailed view on the positive and negative aspects of a city for that specific actor can be provided .
  • This kind of analysis can show the most prominent and interesting interactions between the criteria at hand.

5. Policy Lessons

  • The above analysis has brought to light important findings on the relative position of major cities in their world.
  • Contrasting Regional, National and Global Perspectives, also known as The World’s Cities.
  • The design of operational synergies in multicriteria-analysis, also known as “PROMETHEE and AHP.

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TI 2013-108/VIII
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper
A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis of
the Performance of Global Cities
Karima Kourtit
1
Cathy Macharis
2
Peter Nijkamp
1,3
1
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, VU University Amsterdam, The
Netherlands;
2
Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium, and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
3
Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands,
Tinbergen Institute is the graduate school and research institute in economics of Erasmus University
Rotterdam, the University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam.
More TI discussion papers can be downloaded at http://www.tinbergen.nl
Tinbergen Institute has two locations:
Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam
Gustav Mahlerplein 117
1082 MS Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31(0)20 525 1600
Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam
Burg. Oudlaan 50
3062 PA Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31(0)10 408 8900
Fax: +31(0)10 408 9031
Duisenberg school of finance is a collaboration of the Dutch financial sector and universities, with the
ambition to support innovative research and offer top quality academic education in core areas of
finance.
DSF research papers can be downloaded at: http://www.dsf.nl/
Duisenberg school of finance
Gustav Mahlerplein 117
1082 MS Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31(0)20 525 8579
11 juli 2013
A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis
of the Performance of Global Cities
Karima Kourtit
Dept. of Spatial Economics
VU University Amsterdam
k.kourtit@vu.nl
Cathy Macharis
Dept. Transport and Logistics
Vrije Universiteit Brussels
University of Gotheborg
Cathy.Macharis@vub.ac.be
Peter Nijkamp*
Dept. of Spatial Economics
VU University Amsterdam
A. Mickiewicz University Poznan
p.nijkamp@vu.nl
Abstract
The strong world-wide urbanisation trend calls for a repositioning of cities, especially the large
cities with a global impact. These cities tend to become economic, logistic and political
powerhouses and are increasingly involved in a competition on their integral performance. The
present paper aims to trace to what extent and why some cities outperform others. Starting from
an extensive database on many important characteristics of global cities, this paper offers a
multi-criteria methodology for identifying the relative position of various important cities on the
basis of distinct assessment criteria. The explicit consideration of the perceptions of important
classes of stakeholders on the performance outcomes of the various cities involved allows for a
enhanced policy analysis. From a technical assessment perspective, the applied part of the paper
employs the MAMCA and PROMETHEE multi-criteria methodology, which have proven their
analytical power in various multi-criteria evaluation problems over the past years. The paper
concludes with some policy perspectives and lessons.
Keywords: Urbanisation, global cities, multi-criteria analysis, performance, stakeholders,
MAMCA, PROMETHEE, GAIA
* Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands
Pn585kkmc
1
1. Aims and Scope
In our urban century the majority of the people on our planet will live in cities. Urban
agglomerations tend to become the ultimate ‘destiny’ of mankind, with unforeseen challenges for
urban research and policy. In the ‘new urban world’(see Kourtit and Nijkamp 2013) dominated
by connected large cities and urban networks, our society will face serious concerns related to
housing, sustainable modes of living, poverty, employment, accessibility, competitiveness, and
economic vitality.
World-wide, cities are increasingly seen as engines of economic growth and sustainable
development (see Nijkamp 2008). This strategic importance of modern cities – and increasingly,
urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas including polynuclear or satellite areas – does not
only depend on location advantages (including Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR) spatial
externalities), but also on two other types of externalities, viz. social capital externalities and
connectivity externalities. The first category has been well described by Jacobs (1969) who has
introduced the concept of an urban ‘melting pot’: cities house a multiplicity of people with
different cultural, ethnic or language backgrounds which may at times create tensions, but also
form the seedbed conditions for innovative and creative behaviour (see e.g. Florida 2002). The
second type of externalities is based on economies of connectivity – either physical connectivity
through e.g. road or airline networks or virtual connectivity through global information or
internet networks (see e.g. Taylor 2004, Tranos and Nijkamp 2013).
The changing scene of cities – from an island position to a nodal position in global
networks – has brought about a series of challenges and concerns on cities of the future (see e.g.
Blanke and Smith 1999, Hall 2004, Jacobs 2012). According to Nanetti (2012), a strategic vision
of future cities calls for the following traits in urban development: territorially-specific, future-
oriented, problem-solving, strategically-informed, operationally-translated and politically-
committed. There is indeed a need for a strategic perspective on ‘sustainable urbanism’ (see
Diappi 2012, Farr 2008, Healey 2007), in which urban gentrification, culture, creative land use,
accessibility and ecological sustainability play a central role.
Clearly, the specific favourable facilities and social capital conditions of modern cities tend
to induce more creativity and profitability. A spatial concentration of activities, involving spatial
and social proximity, increases the opportunities for interaction and knowledge transfer, while
the resulting spillover effects reduce the cost of obtaining and processing knowledge. In addition,
knowledge workers preferably interact with each other in agglomerated environments so as to
reduce interaction costs, while they are more productive in such environments. It is therefore, no
wonder that cities become the cradle of new and innovative industries. Innovative firms based on
advanced services in the early stages of the product and company life cycle - when dealing with
2
a manifold uncertainty - prefer locations where new and specialized knowledge is abundantly
available at low costs (see e.g. Audretsch 1998, Camagni 1991). Cities offer in this context an
enormously rich potential for a wide array of innovative business opportunities.
Another major megatrend in human settlement patterns is noteworthy in this context, viz. a
structural rise in urbanisation in the past centuries. Our world has turned into an urban world,
with more than half of the world population living in cities nowadays (see also Kourtit et al.
2012). And the urbanisation degree is still on a rising edge, notably in Latin America, Africa and
Asia. This megatrend does not only mean a quantitative change in the share of inhabitants in
urban areas in the national territory, but also a qualitative transformation of both a socio-
economic and political nature. Modern network cities have turned into spearheads of (supra-
)regional and (supra-)national power, not only from a socio-economic perspective (business,
innovativeness, jobs, wealth), but also from a geo-political (‘cities as global command and
control centres’; see Sassen 1991) and a technological perspective.
To meet a wide array of future challenges and opportunities, urban agglomerations and
their business operations have to be smart and resilient. And therefore, over the years modern
global cities have dramatically changed the way of managing dynamics in urban development in
order to become and remain an attractive environment for various stakeholders, for example, in
attracting and retaining firms or tourists and in recruiting talented people in a vibrant urban
environment. To that end, appropriate support systems for a creative business environment need
to be developed, and more resources for sustainable growth need to be provided. Repositioning
of modern global cities calls for a solid evidence-based benchmarking analysis (see Begg 1999).
A major question is now: which are the critical parameters that may serve as policy handles
for a successful urban development? The road towards economic growth, social inclusion and
environmental sustainability of a city is not easy to achieve. In recent years, the concept of a
‘smart city’ has gained increasing popularity and has prompted a great deal of policy attention
and research interest (see e.g. Caragliu et al. 2011, Winters 2010). In a recent paper by Nam and
Pardo (2011), a list of smart cities all over the world can be found, while also various definitions
of a smart city – and conceptual relatives of a smart city (e.g. digital city, learning city) – are
recorded and described. A main issue in analyzing smart cities – or related concepts – is: what
makes a city smarter than another city?
The above question has prompted much empirical research on ranking of cities in our
world, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit addressing liveability of cities. Obvious caveats
in comparing the performance of different cities are: differences in city size, the number of and
type of indicators used, the sample of cities chosen, the goal of the interurban comparison etc. In
the present study we will compare the performance of various world cities based on a set of
extensive and carefully collected indicators. In a relatively short time, this set of indicators –
Citations
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Global cities and cultural diversity governance : comparing Doha and Singapore

[...]

Jérémie Molho1•
European University Institute1
01 Jun 2019-Social Science Research Network
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare two cities, Doha and Singapore, which have emerged as major centres of the global economy and offer a perspective that differs from the large Western cities where the notion of global city was initially coined.
Abstract: The rise of global cities has raised multiple questions regarding the governance of diversity. While they are often portrayed as spaces of ungovernable global flows and as catalysts of the disappearance of national identities, this paper aims to analyse these cities’ actions and strategies to govern their cultural diversity and defend a renewed conception of the national. I combine an analysis of outward-looking strategies that promote their cultural diversity on the global cultural field, and of inward-looking strategies that attempt to project their plural identity in the urban space. I compare two cities, Doha and Singapore, which have emerged as major centres of the global economy and offer a perspective that differs from the large Western cities where the notion of global city was initially coined. The affirmation of Doha and Singapore as global cities does not go along with a process of weakening of the nation-state, but on the contrary takes part in a logic of nation building and nation branding. The paper analyses how local actors negotiate this dialectic between the global and the national. Firstly, I show that they have put transnational regional networks and identities at the centre of the promotion of these cities as cultural hub. Secondly, I show that the recognition of these cities’ diverse heritage and its display in the urban landscape, go in parallel with an increasing spatial exclusion of recent migrants.

5 citations

In Search of Incredible Cities by Means of Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (Urban Systems and Quality of Life)

[...]

Andrea Caragliu, Chiara Del Bo, Karima Kourtit
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the socio-economic performance of 9 selected European cities in the North Sea basin over two time periods and ranked their relative efficiency performance using a new variant of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).
Abstract: Our modern world is moving towards a 'New Urban World'. More people than ever before are living in urban areas and modern cities are becoming powerhouses of creative ideas, innovative technologies, sustainable developments and socioeconomic wealth in an open and globalizing economy. And most likely this trend will continue. Cities will also play a pivotal role in the future of an urbanized Europe, although they are certainly confronted with grand challenges. Emerging threats to urban environments may, however, be turned into new opportunities. Thus, urban areas may act as spearheads of sustainable economic growth for European countries. This paper will offer a novel contribution to the assessment of the socio-economic performance of 9 selected European cities in the North Sea basin over two time periods. The exploration of the socio-economic benefits of these cities leads to the definition of a 'democratic beauty', whereas urban performance is measured along multiple dimensions. We will evaluate their performance and rank their relative efficiency performance using a new variant of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), through which we are also able to further discriminate between the class of efficient Decision Making Units by introducing the notion of super-efficiency. The 'winners' in this competitive assessment of highly efficiently cites are labeled here as incredible cities. The paper will be concluded with some policy recommendations.

5 citations

Book Chapter•DOI•
Satisfaction Benchmark for Smart Cities

[...]

Oliver Christ, Michael Czarniecki, Christian Kressig, Lukas Andreas Scherer
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a literature overview of benchmarking municipalities and their own primary research on benchmarking satisfaction in over 41 municipalities in Switzerland in 2013-2014 with the cities of Lublin (Poland) and St.Gall (Switzerland).
Abstract: In order to enhance and improve the quality of “public services”, a sound and clear quality management concept is needed. From the process perspective, “high quality” means that a process must deliver satisfaction—the ultimate output variable of any process. A smart city uses information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to increase the quality of its services—which should result in the high satisfaction of the inhabitants. In this chapter, we present a literature overview of benchmarking municipalities and our own primary research of benchmarking satisfaction in over 41 municipalities in Switzerland. As a case study, we show also a benchmarking project conducted in 2013–2014 with the cities of Lublin (Poland) and St.Gall (Switzerland). This chapter will show a framework of a performance dashboard for benchmarking municipalities and how to implement best practice from other municipalities. The key finding of the benchmarking process is to learn from best practice municipalities (the “between analysis”) and identify the variables which drive satisfaction in a municipality (the “within analysis”). The chapter ends with a discussion on how a smart city can employ the data derived from ICTs to refine the aforementioned benchmarking process. Our conclusion is that it is vital to embed the smart city concept in a management system that helps decision makers to steer the municipality in a complex environment. To illustrate this point, we show synergies of traditional quality management and smart government approaches in fostering the value of benchmarking outcomes.

5 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
A Human Centric Approach on the Analysis of the Smart City Concept: the case study of the Limassol city in Cyprus

[...]

Maroula N. Alverti1, K. Themistocleous1, Phaedon C. Kyriakidis1, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis1•
Cyprus University of Technology1
22 Oct 2018-Advances in Geosciences
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple understandable model linking human smart characteristics to a group of socio-demographic and urban environment indices, applied to the case of Limassol Urban Complex, the southernmost European city, with a total population of 208 980, is presented.
Abstract: . The impact of medium-sized southern European cities challenges on the “smartness” of the city is a quite interesting case that is not quite analyzed yet. Our scientific objective is to find a simple understandable model linking human smart characteristics to a group of socio-demographic and urban environment indices, applied to the case of Limassol Urban Complex, the southernmost European city, with a total population of 208 980. The data set of the analysis contains 25 variables in 3 thematic domains using as spatial analysis level, the 126 postal code areas of the most urbanized part of the city. The study results obtained through multivariate statistical analysis and thematic cartography using GIS technology. The results reveal that the human smart characteristics consist of the use of high-speed internet and broad band telephony, recycling activities, employment in creative industry, high educational attainment and open-mindedness (i.e. participation in EU elections), are significantly correlated with demographic dynamics and built infrastructure characteristics. Creativity and open-mindedness tend to appear in most densely urban areas, mostly occupied by indigenous inhabitants. Recycling and technology oriented smart characteristics are mostly correlated with no-native residents, and high educational attainment. In the outskirts of the city of Limassol the developing dynamics are almost the same with a greater blend between native and non-native inhabitants.

5 citations

Cites background from "A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analys..."

  • ...Factor Authors Social and Ethnic Plurality – Diversity Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Attractiveness Carli et al. (2013), Hortz (2016) Environment – Ecology Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014)…...

    [...]

  • ...…Giffinger et al. (2007), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Community Involvement Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Cost of living Kourtit et al. (2014) Access to Services Carli et al. (2013), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014), Trindade et al. (2017) itants…...

    [...]

  • ...…– Ecology Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014) (environmental awareness) Working Environment Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014) Level of Qualification Caragliu and Del Bo (2012), Carli et al. (2013),…...

    [...]

  • ...Factor Authors Social and Ethnic Plurality – Diversity Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Attractiveness Carli et al. (2013), Hortz (2016) Environment – Ecology Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014) (environmental awareness) Working Environment Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014) Level of Qualification Caragliu and Del Bo (2012), Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Lazaroiu et al. (2012), Lombardi et al. (2011) Innovation – Creativity Caragliu and Del Bo (2012), Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lazaroiu et al. (2012), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014), Esmaeilpoorarabi et al. (2016) Cosmopolitanism/open-mindedness Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Community Involvement Carli et al. (2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Cost of living Kourtit et al. (2014) Access to Services Carli et al. (2013), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014), Trindade et al. (2017) itants (Cystat, 2011), consisted of the 89.58 % of the total district population....

    [...]

  • ...…(2013), Giffinger et al. (2007), Kourtit et al. (2014), Lazaroiu et al. (2012) Attractiveness Carli et al. (2013), Hortz (2016) Environment – Ecology Kourtit et al. (2014), Lombardi et al. (2011), Neirotti et al. (2014) (environmental awareness) Working Environment Giffinger et al. (2007),…...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
An integrated performance evaluation approach for the Indian smart cities

[...]

Santonab Chakraborty1, Sayantan Ghosh2, Subham Agarwal2, Shankar Chakraborty2•
Islamic Azad University1, Jadavpur University2
22 Mar 2021-Opsearch
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated approach is proposed to assess the relative performance of 98 Indian smart cities with respect to 11 evaluation criteria, including decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is first adopted to divide all the considered criteria into appropriate cause and effect groups along with the determination of their weights.
Abstract: A smart city can be defined as an urban region with modern technological features, enhanced mobility and upgraded public utility services. Query In this paper, the application of an integrated approach is proposed to assess the relative performance of 98 Indian smart cities with respect to 11 evaluation criteria. Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is first adopted to divide all the considered criteria into appropriate cause and effect groups along with the determination of their weights. It also identifies the most influential criterion which dominates the others, and the most trivial criterion which is being dominated by the others. The application of the generalized k-means clustering algorithm reduces the initial dataset containing 98 smart cities into a manageable set with only 23 efficient cities. Finally, multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method is adopted to rank the shortlisted cities from the best to the worst. In the derived ranking list, Aizawl occupies the top position, followed by Mangalore. Warangal and Bilaspur are the two worst performing cities. The proposed approach can also recognize the relative strengths and weaknesses of each of the cities so that appropriate remedial measures can be augmented to strengthen the lagging infrastructures of the underperforming Indian smart cities.

4 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Measuring the efficiency of decision making units

[...]

Abraham Charnes1, William W. Cooper2, E Rhodes3•
University of Texas at Austin1, Harvard University2, University at Buffalo3
01 Nov 1978-European Journal of Operational Research
TL;DR: A nonlinear (nonconvex) programming model provides a new definition of efficiency for use in evaluating activities of not-for-profit entities participating in public programs and methods for objectively determining weights by reference to the observational data for the multiple outputs and multiple inputs that characterize such programs.

25,433 citations

Book•
The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life

[...]

Richard Florida
01 Mar 2004
TL;DR: The Rise of the Creative Class as mentioned in this paper describes a society in which the creative ethos is increasingly dominant, with the result that our values and tastes, our personal relationships, our choices of where to live, and even our sense and use of time are changing.
Abstract: The national bestseller that defines a new economic class and shows how it is key to the future of our cities. The Washington Monthly 2002 Annual Political Book Award WinnerThe Rise of the Creative Class gives us a provocative new way to think about why we live as we do today-and where we might be headed. Weaving storytelling with masses of new and updated research, Richard Florida traces the fundamental theme that runs through a host of seemingly unrelated changes in American society: the growing role of creativity in our economy. Just as William Whyte's 1956 classic The Organization Man showed how the organizational ethos of that age permeated every aspect of life, Florida describes a society in which the creative ethos is increasingly dominant. Millions of us are beginning to work and live much as creative types like artists and scientists always have-with the result that our values and tastes, our personal relationships, our choices of where to live, and even our sense and use of time are changing. Leading the shift are the nearly 38 million Americans in many diverse fields who create for a living-the Creative Class. The Rise of the Creative Class chronicles the ongoing sea of change in people's choices and attitudes, and shows not only what's happening but also how it stems from a fundamental economic change. The Creative Class now comprises more than thirty percent of the entire workforce. Their choices have already had a huge economic impact. In the future they will determine how the workplace is organized, what companies will prosper or go bankrupt, and even which cities will thrive or wither.

7,252 citations

Book•
The Global City

[...]

Saskia Sassen
01 Jan 1991

6,018 citations

"A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analys..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…cities have turned into spearheads of (supra)regional and (supra-)national power, not only from a socio-economic perspective (business, innovativeness, jobs, wealth), but also from a geo-political (‘cities as global command and control centres’; see Sassen 1991) and a technological perspective....

    [...]

Book•
The Economy of Cities

[...]

Jane Jacobs
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the economy of cities and the main social problems that humanity has and the greatest source of creativity, innovation and development opportunities to solve those problems, which is relevant for a number of reasons: first of all, because most of the planet's population is grouped in them.
Abstract: Studying the economy of cities is relevant for a number of reasons. First of all, because most of the planet's population is grouped in them. Secondly, because they concentrate the main social problems that humanity has and, finally, because they are also the greatest source of creativity, innovation and development opportunities to solve those problems. Cities group companies and people who interact with each other both within their scope and with their peers in other cities. The general framework in which the current economy operates is, in general, the city and if the latter does not create the conditions for the economic activity to be sustainable, not only the city, but the country itself will suffer the consequences.

4,610 citations

"A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analys..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The first category has been well described by Jacobs (1969) who has introduced the concept of an urban ‘melting pot’: cities house a multiplicity of people with different cultural, ethnic or language backgrounds which may at times create tensions, but also form the seedbed conditions for innovative…...

    [...]

Smart Cities in Europe

[...]

Andrea Caragliu, C. Del Bo, Peter Nijkamp
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a focused and operational definition of the concept of smart city and present consistent evidence on the geography of smart cities in the EU27, for the first time to our knowledge.
Abstract: Urban performance currently depends not only on a city's endowment of hard infrastructure (physical capital), but also, and increasingly so, on the availability and quality of knowledge communication and social infrastructure (human and social capital). The latter form of capital is decisive for urban competitiveness. Against this background, the concept of the “smart city” has recently been introduced as a strategic device to encompass modern urban production factors in a common framework and, in particular, to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the last 20 years for enhancing the competitive profile of a city. The present paper aims to shed light on the often elusive definition of the concept of the “smart city.” We provide a focused and operational definition of this construct and present consistent evidence on the geography of smart cities in the EU27. Our statistical and graphical analyses exploit in depth, for the first time to our knowledge, the most re...

2,322 citations

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Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "A multi-actor multi-criteria analysis of the performance of global cities" ?

The present paper aims to trace to what extent and why some cities outperform others. Starting from an extensive database on many important characteristics of global cities, this paper offers a multi-criteria methodology for identifying the relative position of various important cities on the basis of distinct assessment criteria. From a technical assessment perspective, the applied part of the paper employs the MAMCA and PROMETHEE multi-criteria methodology, which have proven their analytical power in various multi-criteria evaluation problems over the past years. The paper concludes with some policy perspectives and lessons.