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Book ChapterDOI

A Multi-objective Routing Optimization Using Swarm Intelligence in IoT Networks

01 Jan 2020-pp 603-613
TL;DR: A multi-objective routing optimization algorithm BFOA-R is proposed, based on group foraging behavior of E. coli and M. xanthus bacteria, to reduce energy consumption during routing and maximize network life.
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) network devices, are embedded wireless sensor nodes, constrained with limited battery capacity, storage and processing power. Hence, the available resources have to be utilized efficiently during the process like sensing, computing and communication. This creates a need for an optimized routing algorithm which should reduce the resource consumption like battery power to extend the network lifetime, and also we should consider the other network requirements like delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. Here, a multi-objective routing optimization algorithm BFOA-R is proposed, based on group foraging behavior of E. coli and M. xanthus bacteria. The primary objective of the proposed routing is to reduce energy consumption during routing and maximize network life. Existing, particle multi-swarm optimization is used as a benchmarking method to evaluate the performance of BFOA-R.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to find and analyze articles submitted either conceptual or implemented to manage EHRs using blockchain, and a deep technical analysis focused on evaluating articles based on privacy, security, scalability, accessibility, cost, consensus algorithms and the type of blockchain used.
Abstract: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are electronically-stored health information in a digital format. EHRs are typically shared among healthcare stakeholders and face power failure, data misuse, lack of privacy, security, and audit trail. On the other hand, blockchain is the revolutionary invention of the twentieth century that offers a distributed and decentralized setting to communicate among nodes in a list of networks without a central authority. It can address the limitations of EHRs management and provide a safer, secured, and decentralized environment for exchanging EHRs data. Three categories of blockchain-based potential solutions have been proposed by researchers to handle EHRs: conceptual, prototype, and implemented. This study focused on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to find and analyze articles submitted either conceptual or implemented to manage EHRs using blockchain. The study examined 99 papers that were collected from various publication categories. The deep technical analysis focused on evaluating articles based on privacy, security, scalability, accessibility, cost, consensus algorithms, and the type of blockchain used. The SLR found that blockchain technology promises to provide decentralization, security, and privacy that traditional EHRs often lack. Moreover, results obtained from the detailed studies would provide potential researchers with the type of blockchain for future research. Finally, future research directions, in the end, would direct enthusiasm to combine new blockchain-based systems to manage EHRs properly.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors conduct an in-depth review of such types of blockchain technology-related research articles that have been published recently and are also solely focused on Bangladesh, from 5 publishers (IEEE Xplore, ACM, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink).
Abstract: The spirit of “blockchain technology” is a distributed database in which saved data is transparent, accountable, public, immutable, and traceable. This base-level disruptive technology can boost the security and privacy-related efficiency of various domains. As Bangladesh is currently aiming for sustainable development, blockchain technology adoption by the local researchers is growing robustly. However, in Bangladesh, the blockchain Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is not yet well structured which is also limiting the perspective of local developers and researchers. Therefore, sectors like governance, healthcare, security, privacy, farming, information authentication, cryptocurrencies, internet architecture, data, and so on are unable to utilize the full potential of this technology. In this research, the authors conduct an in-depth review of such types of blockchain technology-related research articles that have been published recently and are also solely focused on Bangladesh. From 5 publishers (IEEE Xplore, ACM, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink) this study analyses 70 articles published during the year 2016-2020. The study results find the top 13 sectors where Bangladeshi researchers are currently focusing on. Those studies identify that the rigid policy by the government, scarcity of expert researchers, and lack of resources are the main reasons why Bangladesh is still struggling to accommodate blockchain extensively. In addition, published papers are mostly based on theoretical concepts without an appropriate implementation. Finally, this study will be a great resource to the developers, entrepreneurs, and technology enthusiasts to determine the strategic plan for adopting blockchain technology in Bangladesh or even to any other developing country.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study results find the top 13 sectors where Bangladeshi researchers are currently focusing on and identifies that the rigid policy by the government, scarcity of expert researchers, and lack of resources are the main reasons why Bangladesh is still struggling to accommodate blockchain extensively.
Abstract: The spirit of “blockchain technology” is a distributed database in which saved data is transparent, accountable, public, immutable, and traceable. This base-level disruptive technology can boost the security and privacy-related efficiency of various domains. As Bangladesh is currently aiming for sustainable development, blockchain technology adoption by the local researchers is growing robustly. However, in Bangladesh, the blockchain Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is not yet well structured which is also limiting the perspective of local developers and researchers. Therefore, sectors like governance, healthcare, security, privacy, farming, information authentication, cryptocurrencies, internet architecture, data, and so on are unable to utilize the full potential of this technology. In this research, the authors conduct an in-depth review of such types of blockchain technology-related research articles that have been published recently and are also solely focused on Bangladesh. From 5 publishers (IEEE Xplore, ACM, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink) this study analyses 70 articles published during the year 2016-2020. The study results find the top 13 sectors where Bangladeshi researchers are currently focusing on. Those studies identify that the rigid policy by the government, scarcity of expert researchers, and lack of resources are the main reasons why Bangladesh is still struggling to accommodate blockchain extensively. In addition, published papers are mostly based on theoretical concepts without an appropriate implementation. Finally, this study will be a great resource to the developers, entrepreneurs, and technology enthusiasts to determine the strategic plan for adopting blockchain technology in Bangladesh or even to any other developing country.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A solid systematic review on the blockchain and healthcare domain is presented to identify the existing challenges and benefits of applying blockchain technology in healthcare systems and presents a significant architectural solutions of blockchain to achieve interoperability.
Abstract: Blockchain is regarded as a significant innovation and shows a set of promising features that can certainly address existing issues in real time applications. Decentralization, greater transparency, improved traceability and secure architecture can revolutionize healthcare systems. With the help of advancement in computer technologies, most healthcare institutions try to store patient data digitally rather than on paper. Electronic health records are regarded as some of the most important assets in healthcare system and are required to be shared among different hospitals and other organizations to improve diagnosis efficiency. While sharing patients’ details, certain basic standards such as integrity and confidentiality of the information need to be considered. Blockchain technology provides the above standards with features of immutability and granting access to stored information only to authorized users. The examination approach depends on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (or PRISMA) rules and an efficient planned search convention is utilized to look through multiple scientific databases to recognize, investigate and separate every important publication. In this paper, we present a solid systematic review on the blockchain and healthcare domain to identify the existing challenges and benefits of applying blockchain technology in healthcare systems. More than 150 scientific papers published in the last ten years are surveyed, resulting in the identifications and summarization of observations made on the different privacy-preserving approaches and also assessment of their performances. We also present a significant architectural solutions of blockchain to achieve interoperability. Thereby, we attempt to analyse the ideas of blockchain in the medical domain, by assessing the advantages and limitations, subsequently giving guidance to other researchers in the area.

4 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Jan 2022
TL;DR: This article lists existing works that takes advantage of artificial intelligence methods to overcome the challenges of IoT routing and examines them in terms of performance criteria such as energy efficiency, security, transmission delay, reliability, etc.
Abstract: Due to the exponential increase in the number of IoT connected objects, limited resource constraints and dynamic topology in IoT networks, routing of these connected nodes on the wireless networks faces several challenges and issues that need to be addressed. IoT routing protocols must be able to efficiently transmit data while meeting certain performance criteria. On the other hand, intelligent computing methods hold great promise for solving the most difficult problems in all areas. In this article, we list existing works that takes advantage of artificial intelligence methods to overcome the challenges of IoT routing. We examine them in terms of performance criteria such as energy efficiency, security, transmission delay, reliability, etc. Next, we classify IoT routing protocols according to different criteria. Finally, we present the major challenges of IoT routing, which still require solutions to be developed.

2 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper introduces blockchain technologies, including their benefits, pitfalls, and the latest applications, to the biomedical and health care domains and discusses the potential challenges and proposed solutions of adopting blockchain technologies in biomedical/health care domains.

798 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: FHIRChain is a blockchain-based architecture designed to meet ONC requirements by encapsulating the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard for shared clinical data and a FHIR chain-based decentralized app using digital health identities to authenticate participants in a case study of collaborative decision making for remote cancer care.
Abstract: Secure and scalable data sharing is essential for collaborative clinical decision making. Conventional clinical data efforts are often siloed, however, which creates barriers to efficient information exchange and impedes effective treatment decision made for patients. This paper provides four contributions to the study of applying blockchain technology to clinical data sharing in the context of technical requirements defined in the "Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap" from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). First, we analyze the ONC requirements and their implications for blockchain-based systems. Second, we present FHIRChain, which is a blockchain-based architecture designed to meet ONC requirements by encapsulating the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard for shared clinical data. Third, we demonstrate a FHIRChain-based decentralized app using digital health identities to authenticate participants in a case study of collaborative decision making for remote cancer care. Fourth, we highlight key lessons learned from our case study.

455 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at how blockchain technology might facilitate the transition from institution-centric to patient-centric data sharing through five mechanisms: (1) digital access rules, (2) data aggregation, (3) data liquidity, (4) patient identity and (5) data immutability.
Abstract: Interoperability in healthcare has traditionally been focused around data exchange between business entities, for example, different hospital systems. However, there has been a recent push towards patient-driven interoperability, in which health data exchange is patient-mediated and patient-driven. Patient-centered interoperability, however, brings with it new challenges and requirements around security and privacy, technology, incentives, and governance that must be addressed for this type of data sharing to succeed at scale. In this paper, we look at how blockchain technology might facilitate this transition through five mechanisms: (1) digital access rules, (2) data aggregation, (3) data liquidity, (4) patient identity, and (5) data immutability. We then look at barriers to blockchain-enabled patient-driven interoperability, specifically clinical data transaction volume, privacy and security, patient engagement, and incentives. We conclude by noting that while patient-driving interoperability is an exciting trend in healthcare, given these challenges, it remains to be seen whether blockchain can facilitate the transition from institution-centric to patient-centric data sharing.

430 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art solutions for facilitating interoperability between different IoT platforms is performed and the key challenges in this topic is presented.
Abstract: In the last few years, many smart objects found in the physical world are interconnected and communicate through the existing internet infrastructure which creates a global network infrastructure called the Internet of Things (IoT). Research has shown a substantial development of solutions for a wide range of devices and IoT platforms over the past 6-7 years. However, each solution provides its own IoT infrastructure, devices, APIs, and data formats leading to interoperability issues. Such interoperability issues are the consequence of many critical issues such as vendor lock-in, impossibility to develop IoT application exposing cross-platform, and/or cross-domain, difficulty in plugging non-interoperable IoT devices into different IoT platforms, and ultimately prevents the emergence of IoT technology at a large-scale. To enable seamless resource sharing between different IoT vendors, efforts by several academia, industry, and standardization bodies have emerged to help IoT interoperability, i.e., the ability for multiple IoT platforms from different vendors to work together. This paper performs a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art solutions for facilitating interoperability between different IoT platforms. Also, the key challenges in this topic is presented.

378 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Views from a multidisciplinary group of practitioners at the forefront of blockchain conceptualization, development, and deployment are shared, where the need to ensure that blockchain design elements consider actual healthcare needs from the diverse perspectives of consumers, patients, providers, and regulators is considered.
Abstract: Blockchain is a shared distributed digital ledger technology that can better facilitate data management, provenance and security, and has the potential to transform healthcare. Importantly, blockchain represents a data architecture, whose application goes far beyond Bitcoin – the cryptocurrency that relies on blockchain and has popularized the technology. In the health sector, blockchain is being aggressively explored by various stakeholders to optimize business processes, lower costs, improve patient outcomes, enhance compliance, and enable better use of healthcare-related data. However, critical in assessing whether blockchain can fulfill the hype of a technology characterized as ‘revolutionary’ and ‘disruptive’, is the need to ensure that blockchain design elements consider actual healthcare needs from the diverse perspectives of consumers, patients, providers, and regulators. In addition, answering the real needs of healthcare stakeholders, blockchain approaches must also be responsive to the unique challenges faced in healthcare compared to other sectors of the economy. In this sense, ensuring that a health blockchain is ‘fit-for-purpose’ is pivotal. This concept forms the basis for this article, where we share views from a multidisciplinary group of practitioners at the forefront of blockchain conceptualization, development, and deployment.

192 citations