Journal ArticleDOI
A Nationally Representative Case-Control Study of Smoking and Death in India
Prabhat Jha,Binu Jacob,Vendhan Gajalakshmi,Prakash C. Gupta,Neeraj Dhingra,Rajesh Kumar,Dhirendra N Sinha,Rajesh Dikshit,Dillip K. Parida,Rajeev Kamadod,Jillian Boreham,Richard Peto +11 more
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TLDR
If these associations are mainly causal, smoking in persons between the ages of 30 and 69 years is responsible for about 1 in 20 deaths of women and 1 in 5 deaths of men.Abstract:
BACKGROUND The nationwide effects of smoking on mortality in India have not been assessed reliably. METHODS In a nationally representative sample of 1.1 million homes, we compared the prevalence of smoking among 33,000 deceased women and 41,000 deceased men (case subjects) with the prevalence of smoking among 35,000 living women and 43,000 living men (unmatched control subjects). Mortality risk ratios comparing smokers with nonsmokers were adjusted for age, educational level, and use of alcohol. RESULTS About 5% of female control subjects and 37% of male control subjects between the ages of 30 and 69 years were smokers. In this age group, smoking was associated with an increased risk of death from any medical cause among both women (risk ratio, 2.0; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 2.3) and men (risk ratio, 1.7; 99% CI, 1.6 to 1.8). Daily smoking of even a small amount of tobacco was associated with increased mortality. Excess deaths among smokers, as compared with nonsmokers, were chiefly from tuberculosis among both women (risk ratio, 3.0; 99% CI, 2.4 to 3.9) and men (risk ratio, 2.3; 99% CI, 2.1 to 2.6) and from respiratory, vascular, or neoplastic disease. Smoking was associated with a reduction in median survival of 8 years for women (99% CI, 5 to 11) and 6 years for men (99% CI, 5 to 7). If these associations are mainly causal, smoking in persons between the ages of 30 and 69 years is responsible for about 1 in 20 deaths of women and 1 in 5 deaths of men. In 2010, smoking will cause about 930,000 adult deaths in India; of the dead, about 70% (90,000 women and 580,000 men) will be between the ages of 30 and 69 years. Because of population growth, the absolute number of deaths in this age group is rising by about 3% per year. CONCLUSIONS Smoking causes a large and growing number of premature deaths in India.read more
Citations
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Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis
Robert E. Black,Simon Cousens,Hope L. Johnson,Joy E Lawn,Igor Rudan,Diego G. Bassani,Prabhat Jha,Harry Campbell,Christa L Fischer Walker,Richard E Cibulskis,Thomas P. Eisele,Li Liu,Colin Mathers +12 more
TL;DR: New estimates for 2008 of the major causes of death in children younger than 5 years in 193 countries are reported to help to focus national programmes and donor assistance.
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Global Burden of Stroke
TL;DR: Although stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years rates tend to decline from 1990 to 2013, the overall stroke burden has increased across the globe and provides a strong argument that "business as usual" for primary stroke prevention is not sufficiently effective.
Journal ArticleDOI
Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis
Robert Beaglehole,Ruth Bonita,Richard Horton,Cary Adams,George Alleyne,Perviz Asaria,Vanessa Baugh,Henk Bekedam,Nils Billo,Sally Casswell,Michele Cecchini,Ruth Colagiuri,Stephen Colagiuri,Téa E Collins,Shah Ebrahim,Michael M. Engelgau,Gauden Galea,Thomas A. Gaziano,Robert Geneau,Andy Haines,James Hospedales,Prabhat Jha,Ann Keeling,Stephen R. Leeder,Paul Lincoln,Martin McKee,Judith Mackay,Roger Magnusson,Rob Moodie,Modi Mwatsama,Sania Nishtar,Bo Norrving,David Patterson,Peter Piot,Johanna Ralston,Manju Rani,K. Srinath Reddy,Franco Sassi,Nick Sheron,David Stuckler,Il Suh,Julie Torode,Cherian Varghese,Judith Watt +43 more
TL;DR: The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance propose five overarching priority actions for the response to the crisis and the delivery of five priority interventions--tobacco control, salt reduction, improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and technologies.
Journal ArticleDOI
21st-Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States
Prabhat Jha,Chinthanie Ramasundarahettige,Victoria Landsman,Brian L. Rostron,Michael J. Thun,Robert N. Anderson,Tim McAfee,Richard Peto +7 more
TL;DR: Smokers lose at least one decade of life expectancy, as compared with those who have never smoked, and cessation before the age of 40 years reduces the risk of death associated with continued smoking by about 90%.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Rita Krishnamurthi,Valery L. Feigin,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,George A. Mensah,Myles Connor,Derrick A Bennett,Andrew E. Moran,Ralph L. Sacco,Laurie M. Anderson,Thomas Truelsen,Martin O'Donnell,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Carlene M.M. Lawes,Wenzhi Wang,Yukito Shinohara,Emma Witt,Majid Ezzati,Mohsen Naghavi,Christopher J L Murray +19 more
TL;DR: Worldwide, the burden of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke increased significantly between 1990 and 2010 in terms of the absolute number of people with incident ischaemia and haelopathy, number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years lost, and DALYs lost.
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