A New Clean Air Delivery Rate Test Applied to Five Portable Indoor Air Cleaners
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantify air cleaner particle removal by particle size resolved clean air delivery rates (CADR) by utilizing particle concentration measurements and indoor aerosol modeling, which was applied to five air cleaners designed for household and office use.
Abstract: Air pollution has been recognised as one of the major risk factors for the global burden of disease. In modern society the majority of the exposure occurs indoors where people spend most of their time. Indoor air quality may be improved with portable air cleaners utilizing various cleaning techniques, such as filtration, electrostatic precipitation, and ionization. The objective of this study was to quantify air cleaner particle removal by particle size resolved clean air delivery rates (CADR). This was obtained by utilizing particle concentration measurements and indoor aerosol modeling. Our test protocol was applied to five air cleaners designed for household and office use. For particles with diameters above 100 nm and at the chosen settings, the CADR was around 40 m3/h for an ion generator, around 70 m3/h for an electrostatic precipitator, and ranging from 100 to almost 300 m3/h for the three filter-based air cleaners. Similar performances were obtained for ultrafine particles, except for the ion gene...
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TL;DR: In this article, a general overview of single treatment techniques such as mechanical and electrical filtration, adsorption, ozonation, photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, biological processes, and membrane separation is presented.
Abstract: Indoor air pollution is a complex issue involving a wide diversity and variability of pollutants that threats human health In this context, major efforts should be made to enhance indoor air quality Thus, it is important to start by the control of indoor pollution sources Nevertheless, when the suppression or minimization of emission sources is insufficient, technically unfeasible, or economically unviable, abatement technologies have to be used This review presents a general overview of single treatment techniques such as mechanical and electrical filtration, adsorption, ozonation, photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, biological processes, and membrane separation Since there is currently no technology that can be considered fully satisfactory for achieving “cleaner” indoor air, special attention is paid to combined purification technologies or innovative alternatives that are currently under research and have not yet been commercialized (plasma-catalytic hybrid systems, hybrid ozonation systems, biofilter-adsorption systems, etc) These systems seem to be a good opportunity as they integrate synergetic advantages to achieve good indoor air quality
242 citations
Cites background from "A New Clean Air Delivery Rate Test ..."
...In contrast, Mølgaard et al. (2014) have compared removal rates for particles with diameters above 100 nm, and concluded that air cleaners based on filtration performed 1.4–4.3 and 2.5–7.5 times better than an electrostatic precipitator and an ion generator, respectively....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the impact of PM2.5 in indoor urban environments summarizes existing research in this area, specifically, the main sources and sinks in outdoor and indoor environments, the exposure limits that are currently applicable throughout the world, and the main socioeconomic impacts of exposure to PM 2.5.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present measurements of aerosol particle concentrations in a gym, where saliva aerosol production is pronounced, and show that combining the abovementioned ventilation and air cleaning can reduce aerosol particles with 80 to 90%, depending on aerosol size.
83 citations
TL;DR: A general exposure assessment model can be applicable for private, public, and occupational indoor exposure assessment, making it a valuable tool for public health professionals, product safety designers, industrial hygienists, building scientists, and environmental consultants working in the field of IAQ and health.
46 citations
Cites background from "A New Clean Air Delivery Rate Test ..."
...Goede et al. (2018) revised recently the exposure control efficacy library, but still more studies are needed to understand their workplace performances and append the library to cover modern RMMs (e.g. Yu and Kim, 2013; Mølgaard et al., 2014; Koivisto et al., 2015b)....
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TL;DR: In-office aerosol-generating procedures pose a risk to staff and staff and... as mentioned in this paper suggest that SARS-CoV-2 mitigation strategies must be implemented long-term.
Abstract: ObjectiveCurrent epidemiologic predictions of COVID-19 suggest that SARS-CoV-2 mitigation strategies must be implemented long-term. In-office aerosol-generating procedures pose a risk to staff and ...
41 citations
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...We calculated coagulation rates using the measured particle number size distributions and Fuch’s theory for Brownian coagulation as described by Seinfeld and Pandis (2006)....
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581 citations
"A New Clean Air Delivery Rate Test ..." refers background in this paper
...Air pollution is responsible for a wide variety of health effects (Bernstein et al. 2008; Rückerl et al. 2011) and for urban particulate matter there seems to be no threshold below which no effect exists (Anderson 2009)....
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...Air pollution is responsible for a wide variety of health effects (Bernstein et al. 2008; Rückerl et al. 2011) and for urban particulate matter there seems to be no threshold below which no effect exists (Anderson 2009)....
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TL;DR: The paper gives a practical overview of issues related to particulate matter indoors, as well as valuable information for understanding filtration and how particles contribute to adverse health effects.
Abstract: Airborne particulate matter is a diverse pollutant class whose excessive presence in indoor air contributes to an array of adverse health and material-damage effects. Particles are classified according to their diameter into three size modes: ultrafine (? 0.1 µm), accumulation (0.1-2 µm), and coarse (? 2 µm). These modes have largely distinct sources and composition, and they exhibit different dynamic behaviors. The concept of mass conservation or material balance provides a foundation for quantitative and mechanistically linking important outcome variables, such as concentrations and exposures, to the influencing input parameters. The factors governing indoor particle concentrations include direct emissions from indoor sources, ventilation supply from outdoor air, filtration, deposition onto indoor surfaces, and removal from indoor air by means of ventilation. In some circumstances, transport and transformation processes within indoor environments may also play an important role in influencing particle concentrations and consequences. Such processes include mixing, interzonal transport, resuspension, coagulation, and phase change.
557 citations
"A New Clean Air Delivery Rate Test ..." refers methods in this paper
...The dynamic behavior of indoor aerosols is usually understood through indoor aerosol modelling based on the balance equation (Nazaroff 2004; Hussein et al. 2005; Hussein and Kulmala 2008)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of indoor sources on indoor particle concentrations as well as quantification of emission rates from the sources were quantified using house occupants' diary entries, and catalogued into 21 different types of indoor activities.
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...…are cooking, heating, printers and other electronic devices, candle burning, cleaning activities, smoking, furnishing, and building materials (He et al. 2004; Afshari et al. 2005; Hussein et al. 2006; Wallace 2006; Destaillats et al. 2008; Géhin et al. 2008; Carazo Fernández et al. 2013)....
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...Common indoor sources of air pollution are cooking, heating, printers and other electronic devices, candle burning, cleaning activities, smoking, furnishing, and building materials (He et al. 2004; Afshari et al. 2005; Hussein et al. 2006; Wallace 2006; Destaillats et al. 2008; Géhin et al. 2008; Carazo Fernández et al. 2013)....
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