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Journal Article•DOI•

A New Dual-Band High Power Ferrite Circulator

Hadi Razavipour, Reza Safian1, Gholamreza Askari, Faezeh Fesharaki, Hamid Mirmohammad Sadeghi •
Isfahan University of Technology1
01 Jan 2009-Progress in Electromagnetics Research C (EMW Publishing)-Vol. 10, pp 15-24
TL;DR: In this paper, the design, simulation and performance enhancement of a new structure for X-band high power, low loss, low bias, triangular ferrite waveguide circulator are presented.
Abstract: The design, simulation and performance enhancement of a new structure for X-band high-power, low-loss, low-bias, triangularferrite waveguide circulator are presented. Dual circulation property is obtained by triangular shape of ferrite post. The effects of circulator’s structure parameters, such as ferrite parameters and magnetic DC bias, on isolation, insertion loss and return loss of circulator are discussed. The HFSS software is used for simulating the circulators. Final dual band designs with 20 dB return loss, 20 dB isolation and 0.1 dB insertion loss in dual frequency in X-band (8.2 GHz and 10.4GHz) with only a magnetic bias of 10Oe are obtained.

Summary (2 min read)

Jump to: [1. INTRODUCTION] – [2. THEORY OF THE DUAL BAND CIRCULATOR] – [2.1. Dual Band Circulator] – [2.2. Bandwidth] – [2.3. Reflection Loss] – [3. DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS] and [4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION]

1. INTRODUCTION

  • Circulator is a versatile microwave device which plays an important role in satellite communications and radar applications.
  • There are two different kinds of circulators, E-plane and H-plane, which are based on the two main categories of waveguides.
  • In addition, RF losses caused by the dielectric properties of the ferrite will be smaller, thereby reducing the heating effects.
  • A design procedure for high-power, dual-band or Left-Handed RightHanded (LH-RH) dual-band circulator is presented.

2. THEORY OF THE DUAL BAND CIRCULATOR

  • In the first Section 2.1 general description of a dual band circulator in terms of its ideal scattering parameters is presented.
  • A practical example which shows the application of the dual band circulator in a transmitter system is also included in this section.
  • In the next two sections different techniques which can be used to achieve wider bandwidth and lower reflection loss are discussed.
  • The last Section 2.4 talks about the modal distribution of the ferrite inside the circulator.

2.1. Dual Band Circulator

  • In general, circulators are three port networks.
  • Any single band circulator adopts one of these arrangements.
  • A regular dual band circulator has right hand or left hand circulation in two different frequency bands.
  • As illustrated in Figure 2(a), a LH-RH dual-band circulator can be used to mix two high power transmitters and send the signals with one broadband antenna.
  • At the same time, the system provides proper isolation between two transmitters for multiplexing different channels.

2.2. Bandwidth

  • One important property of a circulator is its bandwidth which is different for E- and H-plane structures.
  • Hence, in general there is a tradeoff between bandwidth and high-power handling properties.
  • In most of the applications the high power capability is superior to the bandwidth, hence, most of the circulators are E-plane.
  • But, as the result of increasing the length of the ferrite, concentration of the peak of TE10 mode in the ferrite region increases which decreases the high-power capability of the circulator.
  • Another way to to broaden the bandwidth is done by improving the impedance match of the ferrite junction.

2.3. Reflection Loss

  • The shape of the ferrite post plays an important role in matching of the junction to the waveguide structure.
  • In general tapering the cross section of the ferrite in the direction of the incident wave decreases the reflection loss.
  • Based on the performed simulations structure (a) has a better insertion loss than (b).
  • Based on this approximation the lowest order mode of the ferrite resonator is the TM111 mode which is the dominant cylindrical dielectric resonator.
  • These modes correspond to right-handed and left-handed circular polarization respectively.

3. DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS

  • The design process of the dual band circulator includes two parts.
  • Applying a DC internal magnetic field to ferrite, the TM111 mode splits and the resonant frequency of the structure may change from the one obtained from Figure 5.
  • In the first set the authors have studied the effect of the ferrite material parameters on the circulator characteristics.
  • Among these parameters, M0 has the most effect on the circulator characteristics and the double band property is achieved by just tuning its value.
  • The S-parameters of the simple dual- band E-plane circulator are shown in Figure 8.

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

  • A new structure for high power E-plane X-band circulator is presented.
  • Simulations demonstrate that this structure can have two types of dual-band response, simple dual-band and LH-RH dual-band.
  • Design procedure for both dual-band structures is presented.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 10, 15–24, 2009
A NEW DUAL-BAND HIGH POWER FERRITE
CIRCULATOR
H. Razavip our, R. Safian, G. Askari, F. Fesharaki
and H. Mirmohamad Sadeghi
Information and Communication Technology Institute
Isfahan University of Technology
Isfahan, Iran
Abstract—The design, simulation and performance enhancement of
a new structure for X-band high-power, low-loss, low-bias, triangular-
ferrite waveguide circulator are presented. Dual circulation property is
obtained by triangular shape of ferrite post. The effects of circulator’s
structure parameters, such as ferrite parameters and magnetic DC bias,
on isolation, insertion loss and return loss of circulator are discussed.
The HFSS software is used for simulating the circulators. Final
dual band designs with 20 dB return loss, 20 dB isolation and 0.1 dB
insertion loss in dual frequency in X-band (8.2 GHz and 10.4 GHz) with
only a magnetic bias of 10 Oe are obtained.
1. INTRODUCTION
Circulator is a versatile microwave device which plays an important
role in satellite communications and radar applications. There are two
different kinds of circulators, E-plane and H-plane, which are based
on the two main categories of waveguides. Figures 1(a) and (b) show
the three dimensional view and the location of the ferrite in a two
dimensional view of E- and H-plane circulators. Each of them has
advantages which stems from the properties of the waveguide used as
the guiding structure or the location of the ferrite in the circulator
structure. In general, the power handeling of the E-plane circulator
is higher than the H-plane. This is due to the fact that the ferrite
is located at the point where the electric field is minimum in the
waveguide. In addition, RF losses caused by the dielectric properties
of the ferrite will be smaller, thereby reducing the heating effects.
Corresponding author: R. Safian (rsafian@cc.iut.ac.ir).
16 Razavipour et al.
H
dc
H
Z
X
Y
dc
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Geometries of E-plane and H-plane junctions of waveguide
circulators. Dotted line = Electric field intensity.
Another problem that reduces the handling of high-power application
is that ferrite is a brittle material. Increasing the amplitude of one of
E or H fields to extremely high value in the ferrite region may tends to
ferrite crashing. An optimum way to keep it safe against any damage
is to place it in a dielectric substrate.
There have been several theoretical attempts to analyze and design
different E-plane waveguide circulators [7, 9]. These analysis has led to
different physical implementations of E-plane circulators [1–4]. But,
as far as we know there has not been any theocratical or experimental
attempts to design dual band circulator in the literature. In this paper,
a design procedure for high-power, dual-band or Left-Handed Right-
Handed (LH-RH) dual-band circulator is presented. The Ansoft HFSS
software is employed to optimize the response of circulator.The first
part includes a brief theory of the dual band ferrite circulator and
different techniques which can be used to increase the bandwidth and
decrease the insertion loss. The second part includes the design process
and optimization results.
2. THEORY OF THE DUAL BAND CIRCULATOR
In the first Section 2.1 general description of a dual band circulator
in terms of its ideal scattering parameters is presented. A practical
example which shows the application of the dual band circulator in
a transmitter system is also included in this section. In the next
two sections different techniques which can be used to achieve wider
bandwidth and lower reflection loss are discussed. The last Section 2.4
talks about the modal distribution of the ferrite inside the circulator.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 10, 2009 17
2.1. Dual Band Circulator
In general, circulators are three port networks. Hence, the associated
scattering parameters matrix is a 3 by 3 matrix. There are two possible
representation for a lossless circulator which is defined as S
LH
and S
RH
with S parameter matrices,
S
LH
=
Ã
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
!
S
RH
=
Ã
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
!
In a “left handed circulator” (LHC) which is defined by S
LH
the signal
circles counterclockwise and in the “right hand circulator” (RH) which
is defined by S
RH
the signal circle in the clockwise direction. Any single
band circulator adopts one of these arrangements.
In a dual band circulator there are two possible demonstration.
A regular dual band circulator has right hand or left hand circulation
in two different frequency bands. But, another possibility is a “LH-
RH dual band circulator” which has right hand circulation in one
frequency band and left hand circulation in an other one. Left hand-
right hand (LH-RH) circulators can be used as power combiner in
dual-band or multi-band transmitters [13] or in Radar applications.
As illustrated in Figure 2(a), a LH-RH dual-band circulator can be
used to mix two high power transmitters and send the signals with one
broadband antenna. At the same time, the system provides proper
isolation between two transmitters for multiplexing different channels.
Another application (Figure 2(b)) is implementing the power sections
of a dual-band radar by means of two simple dual-band circulators (or
two broadband circulators) and one LH-RH dual-band circulator.
f1
f2
f2 f1
f1
f2
Broad Band
Antenna
Narrow Band
Transmitter 1
LH-RH Dual-Band
Circulator
(a)
f1
f2
(b)
Broad Band
Antenna
LH-RH Dual-Band
Circulator
Transmitter 1
Receiver 2 Receiver 1
Transmitter 2
Narrow Band
Transmitter 2
Figure 2. Schematics of two applications for LH-RH dual-band E-
plane circulator.
18 Razavipour et al.
2.2. Bandwidth
One important property of a circulator is its bandwidth which is
different for E- and H-plane structures. Although E-plane circulators
have the capability of high power handeling, generally their bandwidth
is narrower compared to the H-plane structures. Hence, in general
there is a tradeoff between bandwidth and high-power handling
properties. The physical structure of the E- and H-plane waveguides
dictates this trade-off. In most of the applications the high power
capability is superior to the bandwidth, hence, most of the circulators
are E-plane. But, some specific alteration in the ferrite structure
may lead to increasing the bandwidth in the E-plane structure.
For example, increasing the height of the ferrite post increases the
bandwidth. But, as the result of increasing the length of the ferrite,
concentration of the peak of T E
10
mode in the ferrite region increases
which decreases the high-power capability of the circulator. Another
way to to broaden the bandwidth is done by improving the impedance
match of the ferrite junction. A well known technique is placing a
stack of thin dielectric disks of diminishing dielectric constant on top
of each ferrite disk [14]. Adding a single dielectric would also increase
the bandwidth but it has a lower impact. Here, we have placed two
short lengths of the ferrite on both sides of the E-plane waveguide to
increase the high power capability of the circulator. Also, the space
between the two pieces of ferrite is filled with a dielectric to increase
the bandwidth (Figure 3).
2.3. Reflection Loss
The shape of the ferrite post plays an important role in matching of
the junction to the waveguide structure. In general tapering the cross
section of the ferrite in the direction of the incident wave decreases the
reflection loss. The triangular intersection is used in several cases [8, 15]
to decrease the reflection loss. As illustrated in Figure 4, implementing
the triangular ferrite can be done in two different geometries. Based on
the performed simulations structure (a) has a better insertion loss than
(b). This is due to the fact that the propagating wave in Figure 4(a)
hits the tapered side of the ferrite post while in Figure 4(b) it faces
with the flat surface of ferrite post, so the reflection in Figure 4(b)
is considerably larger than the reflection of tapered ferrite in the
geometry of Figure 4(a).
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 10, 2009 19
r
h
d
Figure 3. Physical geom-
etry of the triangular fer-
rite posts and the dielec-
tric filling around them.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Geometries of two kinds
of ferrite placement in the waveguide
junction.
2.4. Modal Description of the Ferrite in E-plane Circulator
To simplify the analysis of the structure we have assumed that the
ferrite post and the dielectric filling have similar dielectric constant.
Hence, we can assume that the combination of the ferrite and the
dielectric filling form a cylindrical dielectric resonator. The theory of
fundamental cylindrical dielectric resonator mode presented in [5, 6].
Based on this approximation the lowest order mode of the ferrite
resonator is the T M
111
mode which is the dominant cylindrical
dielectric resonator. In the E-plane circulator the half height ferrite is
placed on the side wall of a waveguide as shown in Figure 1. The normal
mode components, E
z
and H
y
of the T E
10
waveguide can couple to the
similar field components of the ferrite resonator. The application of a
dc magnetic field in the Z direction will reorient the standing wave of
the resonator. With a proper reorientation a three-port circulator will
be obtained. The reorientation of the standing wave is caused by the
splitting of the T M
111
mode into the T M
+
111
and T M
−
111
modes by the
tensor permeability of the ferrite resonator. These modes correspond
to right-handed and left-handed circular polarization respectively. By
controlling the degree of this split, it is p ossible to adjust the resonant
frequency of circulator for gaining a nonreciprocal response.
Assuming the dielectric resonator fills the full height of the
waveguide junction, the approximate center frequency of the split mode
in free space is [5, 10–12],
2πr
λ
0
r
²µ
eff
−
λ
0
2L
= 1.84 (1)
where λ
0
is the free space wavelength, r is the radius of the cavity, ² is
the relative permittivity, µ
eff
is the relative effective permeability and
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Analysis and design of new active quasi circulator and circulators

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Reza Bahri1, Abdolali Abdipour, Gholamreza Moradi•
Amirkabir University of Technology1
01 Jan 2009-Progress in Electromagnetics Research-pier
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce two new types of active quasi circulators and three new type active circulators which use the out-of-phase power divider/combiner, symmetric/anti-symmetric couplers and generic unilateral ampliflers.
Abstract: This paper introduces two new type active quasi circulators and three new type active circulators which use the out- of-phase power divider/combiner, symmetric/anti-symmetric couplers and generic unilateral ampliflers. The proposed circuits are full-symmetric and composed of conventional microwave devices. Analytical relations for active quasi circulator modules are described. These modules have many variations and can be used for very wide frequency range depending on the type of the employed unilateral amplifler, power divider/combiner and symmetric/anti-symmetric couplers. Based on the proposed conflgurations, analysis and design of n-port active circulators are presented. Also they can be used in MMICs as active quasi circulators, active circulators and in other high frequency applications.

16 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Study of nonreciprocal devices using three- strip ferrite coupled line

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Wojciech Marynowski, Jerzy Mazur
01 Jan 2011-Progress in Electromagnetics Research-pier
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel ferrite coupled line junction was designed using coplanar line technology with the ground half-planes reduced to the strips, where the longitudinally magnetized ferrite slab is located at the top or bottom of the strips and is covered with the dielectric layers.
Abstract: This paper presents the investigations of nonreciprocal devices employing a novel ferrite coupled line junction. The structure is designed using coplanar line technology with the ground half-planes reduced to the strips. The investigated junction is composed of one ferrite section placed in between of two dielectric sections. In the ferrite section the longitudinally magnetized ferrite slab is located at the top or the bottom of the strips and is covered with the dielectric layers. In the dielectric sections the ports of the junctions are located. The wave parameters and fleld distributions of the modes propagated in the dielectric and ferrite sections are obtained from spectral domain approach. In order to determine the scattering matrix of the junction the mode matching method is utilized. The investigation of the circulator and isolator designed based on the S- matrix of the junction are presented. The obtained results are verifled by comparing them with HFSS simulations and own measurements of the fabricated devices. In both cases a very good agreement is observed.

12 citations

Proceedings Article•DOI•
Magnetically tunable substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filters employing ferrites

[...]

Mohammad Almalkawi1, L. Zhu, Vijay Devabhaktuni1•
University of Toledo1
15 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel tuning solution for planar reconfigurable microwave filters is presented, which is implemented using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology featuring compact size, low cost, high Q, and high power capacity.
Abstract: A novel tuning solution for planar reconfigurable microwave filters is presented. The proposed filters are implemented using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology featuring compact size, low cost, high Q, and high power-capacity. Tunablity of the proposed reconfigurable filters is achieved by adjusting dc-magnetic bias applied to the ferrite material. Compared to the previously reported reconfigurable filters based on electrical adjustment enabled by mechanical modifications, the proposed filters offer a relatively wide tuning range and stable tenability, while dramatically reducing the complexity of external control system. Effects of filters parameters' including the ferrite material, magnetic DC bias, and SIW configuration, on reconfigurable performance are discussed. Simulation examples of single-circulator and double-circulators tunable bandpass filters are realized using EM simulations for demonstrating the underlying principle.

12 citations

Proceedings Article•
Ferromagnetic nanowire (FMNW) self-biased H-plane resonance isolator

[...]

Hadi Razavipour1, Louis-Philippe Carignan1, David Ménard1, Arthur Yelon1, Christophe Caloz1 •
École Polytechnique de Montréal1
01 Dec 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a resonant type H-plane isolator based on a ferromagnetic nanowire (FMNW) slab is presented, which is self-biased and therefore does not require any magnet.
Abstract: A novel resonant type H-plane isolator based on a ferromagnetic nanowire (FMNW) slab is presented. As a result of the remanence property of FMNW materials, the device is self-biased and therefore does not require any magnet. Moreover, the structure does not suffer from the conventional H-plane isolator drawback of demagnetization, which renders this configuration, characterized by superior heat dissipation capability, a competitive alternative to the E-plane resonance isolator. The inherent remanence of the FMNW material makes the shorter double and quadruple slab configurations more practical than their conventional ferrite counterparts. The proposed device is very compact, lightweight, and low-cost. Simulations based on two different methods, the finite integration technique (FIT) and the finite element method (FEM), predict an isolation of over 20 dB and insertion loss of less than 1 dB for a relatively high band width of 6 GHz at the center frequency of 20 GHz.

3 citations

Cites background from "A New Dual-Band High Power Ferrite ..."

  • ...In the quest for a solution to this biasing issue, plaguing all magnet-based microwave ferrite devices [2,11], hexaferrites have been investigated in the past as self-biased magnetic materials and recently applied to nonreciprocal devices [3]....

    [...]

Mode charts of E-plane circulators

[...]

S. Cheng1•
Heriot-Watt University1
30 Mar 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the aspect ratio of the gyromagnetic resonator and susceptance slope parameter of the junction are discussed in the case of the evanescent E-plane junction loaded by H-plane open HE/sub 11.5/ gyromagnetic resonators.
Abstract: The aspect ratio of the gyromagnetic resonator and susceptance slope parameter of the junction are important parameters in the design of a junction circulator. The purpose of this paper is to provide some additional information on these two quantities in the case of the evanescent E-plane junction loaded by H-plane open HE/sub 11.5/ gyromagnetic resonators. The primary physical variables are the radial wavenumber of each resonator and the spacing between them. The schematic diagram of an E-plane circulator is depicted. >

2 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
The Dielectric Microwave Resonator

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A. Okaya1, L. F. Barash1•
Columbia University1
01 Oct 1962
TL;DR: In this paper, a frequency equation of first and second-order approximations was derived in terms of the dimensions and the anisotropic dielectric constant,??, for rectangular parallelepiped resonators.
Abstract: Pieces of single crystals of rutile show high Q resonances in the microwave range. A piece about (1/7?)3 has a Q as high as that of a metal-walled cavity at room temperature. Lowering the temperature increases both the Q and the resonant wavelength. Q's of 105 were seen at 4°K. A frequency equation of first- and second-order approximations was derived in terms of the dimensions and the anisotropic dielectric constant, ??, for rectangular parallelepiped resonators. Accurate values of anisotropic ?? were obtained. In the anisotropic medium there are two types of resonant modes, one of which has an outside E field similar to an electric multipole, and the other an outside magnetic field similar to a magnetic multipole. These two types of modes degenerate into one type if the dielectric is isotropic. Resonators were also made of ceramic rutile and strontium titanate, both of which had Q values of thousands. An extremely high unloaded Q, of the order of a million, was seen at 1.4°K on a KRS-5 (ThBr-Thl) single crystal at X band.

200 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
General Field Theory Treatment of H-Plane Waveguide Junction Circulators

[...]

M.E. El-Shandwily, A.A. Kamal1, Esmat A. Abdallah•
Cairo University1
01 Jun 1973-IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
TL;DR: In this article, an exact field theory treatment for the waveguide junction circulators is presented, being dependent on neither the geometrical symmetry of the junction nor the number of ports.
Abstract: In this paper an exact field theory treatment for the waveguide junction circulators is presented. The treatment is general, being dependent on neither the geometrical symmetry of the junction nor the number of ports. The electromagnetic fields in the joining waveguides are written in the form of infinite summation of waveguide modes. The solutions of the wave equations in the ferrite rod and in the surrounding air are obtained in the form of infinite summation of cylindrical modes. The fields at the ferrite air interface and at an imaginary boundary chosen arbitrarily between the air region and the waveguides are then matched. This process leads to an infinite system of nonhomogeneous equations in the field amplitudes. Three types of waveguide junction circulators using this technique are analyzed: the simple ferrite-rod Y junction, the simple ferrite-rod T junction, and the latching Y junction. Point-matching techniques are used to get numerical results for the field distributions and the circulator characteristics. Excellent agreement has been found between the published experimental measurements and the numerical results obtained by this technique.

34 citations

"A New Dual-Band High Power Ferrite ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Left handright hand (LH-RH) circulators can be used as power combiner in dual-band or multi-band transmitters [13] or in Radar applications....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Resonant Frequencies, Q-Factor, and Susceptance Slope Parameter of Waveguide Circulators Using Weakly Magnetized Open Resonators

[...]

J. Helszajn, J. Sharp
01 Jun 1983-IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived an exact description of the difference between the split frequencies of the magnetized ferrite resonator, which allows the loaded Q-factor of a junction using a weakly magnetized resonator to be determined.
Abstract: A useful quantity in the description of junction circulators is the difference between the split frequencies of the magnetized ferrite resonator. A knowledge of this quantity allows the loaded Q-factor of a junction using a weakly magnetized resonator to be determined. This paper derives an exact description of the former quantity in the case of the open quarter-wave long (partial-height) disk resonator used in the construction of commercial turnstile waveguide circulators. This is done by employing duality between a ferrite-filled circular waveguide having ideal electric wall boundary conditions and one having ideal magnetic wall boundaries. The effect of an image wall on the open flat face of the open resonator is considered separately. The paper includes some remarks about the susceptance slope parameters of disk and triangular open resonators.

30 citations

"A New Dual-Band High Power Ferrite ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The triangular intersection is used in several cases [8, 15] to decrease the reflection loss....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
E-Plane 3-Port X-Band Waveguide Circulators (Correspondence)

[...]

L.E. Davis, S.R. Longley
01 Sep 1963-IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
TL;DR: In this paper, a very compact E-plane waveguide circulator was used to put in the dewar and a compromise may be necessary in choosing between a compact stripline circulator and a comparatively bulky H-plane circulator.
Abstract: When a circulator is used with a parametric amplifier or maser, the noise contribution of the circulator may be reduced by cooling it in liquid nitrogen or liquid helium. Compact devices are required to put in the dewar and, depending on the microwave frequency, a compromise may be necessary in choosing between a compact stripline circulator and a comparatively bulky H-plane waveguide circulator, because waveguide feeds will have lower loss than coaxial line. This problem may be eased by using a very compact E-plane waveguide circulator, as shown in Fig. 1(a).

17 citations

Proceedings Article•DOI•
An Improved E-Plane Waveguide Circulator

[...]

M. Omori
20 May 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, the design and performance of an improved E-plane waveguide circulator is described. But, the Eplane circulator has received much less attention than its H-plane counterpart, probably due to the difficulty of achieving broadband performance and the lack of adequate design information.
Abstract: This report describes the design and performance of an improved E-plane waveguide circulator. Although the E-plane circulator has the advantages of higher power operation and more compactness, it has received much less attention than its H-plane counterpart. This has probably been due to the difficulty of achieving broadband performance and the lack of adequate design information. It is proposed in this report that best performance occurs when the dimensions of the ferrite cylinder are adequate to support the fundamental cylindrical dielectric resonator mode. The junction dimensions are reduced to enhance the coupling of the incident energy to this dielectric resonator. At the junction, a novel approach is employed to convert the absorption type cavity to a transmission type. Reduced height transformers match the junction to the standard waveguide ports.

17 citations

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Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "A new dual-band high power ferrite circulator" ?

The effects of circulator ’ s structure parameters, such as ferrite parameters and magnetic DC bias, on isolation, insertion loss and return loss of circulator are discussed.