A new inductive proximity sensor as a guiding tool for removing metal shrapnel during surgery
06 May 2013-pp 53-57
TL;DR: An inductive proximity sensor with a longer range when compared to its diameter is presented, intended to guide doctors, while performing surgery to remove metal shrapnel from victims of bomb blasts, gun fire, land mines etc.
Abstract: In this paper, an inductive proximity sensor with a longer range when compared to its diameter is presented. This sensor is intended to guide doctors, while performing surgery to remove metal shrapnel from victims of bomb blasts, gun fire, land mines etc. Presently doctors rely on imaging systems to locate shrapnel in the victim's body before surgery. Effectiveness of surgery and recovery solely depends on the doctors' skill to trace the shrapnel. In some cases the shrapnel may be visible in the images, but it may be untraceable during surgery. So in such cases, an inductive proximity sensor which is small enough to be introduced into the victim's body and can direct the recovery tool effectively to the exact location of the shrapnel, during the surgery, will be very useful to the doctor. Such a sensor, along with its details and experimental results are presented in this paper. This sensor works on a new comparison based method to detect tiny targets, as the detector size is a constraint here. The sensor can detect shrapnel materials such as steel, brass and Aluminium. A smaller, modified version of this sensor is also presented in the paper, along with a study of the effect of body tissues on sensor performance.
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01 Dec 2014
TL;DR: The packaging of this shrapnel detecting probe into a new online tool and its evaluation in a surgery-like scenario is presented and some errors were found during the various stages of evaluation and these were corrected using suitable corrective measures.
Abstract: A major cause of death in victims of bomb blast, land mines and gunfire is injury due to metal shrapnel. The present approach adopted by doctors to recover these metal shrapnel is to locate them via X-ray/CT images before surgery and then cut open the located area for their removal. But this approach is not always successful as there were cases in which the shrapnel was visible clearly in the images, but during surgery the doctors could not trace it. Hence based on a clinical requirement, a minimally invasive online probe was developed to guide doctors to the location of the shrapnel during surgery. The sensor used in the probe was a miniaturized Inductive Proximity Sensor which was powered using a novel excitation. In this paper, the packaging of this shrapnel detecting probe into a new online tool and its evaluation in a surgery-like scenario is presented. Some errors were found during the various stages of evaluation and these were corrected using suitable corrective measures. The details of these corrective measures are also presented in this paper.
Cites methods from "A new inductive proximity sensor as..."
...Hence to attain longer detection depths (DD), the new IPS used a differential sensing scheme for detection [5]....
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11 Jun 2014
TL;DR: Details of new schemes that were evaluated to improve the detection depths of the GMR sensor based shrapnel detectors are presented and results on prototype detectors built and tested establish the feasibility of the proffered schemes.
Abstract: Injury due to metal shrapnel is a major cause of death in victims of bomb blast, land mines and gun fire. To recover these shrapnel surgically, surgeons use imaging systems for locating them inside the victim's body. Since these shrapnel are normally mobile, by the time the surgery starts, their positions would have changed making it very difficult for the surgeon to recover them. In certain cases, the shrapnel that are visible in the images can become untraceable during surgery. Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR) type sensor based tool to aid a surgeon to locate shrapnel was found to have poor depth response characteristics compared to inductive proximity sensor based tool. This paper presents the details of new schemes that were evaluated to improve the detection depths of the GMR sensor based shrapnel detectors. Results on prototype detectors built and tested establish the feasibility of the proffered schemes.
Cites background from "A new inductive proximity sensor as..."
...Table III illustrates the performances of the schemes for conductive (copper) shrapnel (dimensions mentioned in Table I)....
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TL;DR: In this paper , a novel sensing pad system consisting of an array of inductive sensors which can recognize and differentiate specific static hand gestures through machine learning algorithms (MLAs) was introduced.
Abstract: Gesture recognition is a field of study within human–computer interaction technology and is used in an increasing number of applications. So far, the systems designed for gesture recognition have been able to sense multiple static and dynamic gestures. However, they suffer from some limitations. This study introduces a novel sensing pad system consisting of an array of inductive sensors which can recognize and differentiate specific static hand gestures through machine learning algorithms (MLAs). It is designed to be a non-contact apparatus where the gestures made by a user can be perceived by the system. It uses five coils, one for each finger, and can sense the fingers that are unfolded while making a particular gesture. Ten volunteer users participated in this study. Ten gestures, numbers 1–10 of the American Sign Language (ASL) are chosen to be tested upon, ten times each for every user. The responses from the sensing coils were measured via a data acquisition board and sent to the PC for processing. A total of 1000 responses were recorded and processed using MLAs which provided an accuracy of 98.7% using fivefold cross-validation (5F-CV) and 97.3% using leave-one-subject-out CV (LOSO-CV) proving that the system can successfully distinguish hand gestures instantly.
References
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TL;DR: The dielectric properties of tissues have been extracted from the literature of the past five decades and presented in a graphical format to assess the current state of knowledge, expose the gaps there are and provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of corresponding data from an on-going measurement programme.
Abstract: The dielectric properties of tissues have been extracted from the literature of the past five decades and presented in a graphical format. The purpose is to assess the current state of knowledge, expose the gaps there are and provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of corresponding data from an on-going measurement programme.
2,932 citations
TL;DR: In accordance with the sensor analysis presented in this paper, design strategies to compensate for important sensor imperfections are recommended and challenges that are associated with ECS interfaces are identified, with focus on advanced industrial applications.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive study of the design aspects of eddy-current displacement sensor (ECS) systems. In accordance with the sensor analysis presented in this paper, design strategies to compensate for important sensor imperfections are recommended. To this end, the challenges that are associated with ECS interfaces are identified, with focus on advanced industrial applications. This paper also provides a technical overview of the design advances of ECS interfaces proposed in the last decade and evaluates their pros and cons. Recently reported interface solutions for demanding industrial applications with respect to high resolution, stability, bandwidth, and low power consumption, at a sufficiently high excitation frequency, are addressed in more detail.
120 citations
"A new inductive proximity sensor as..." refers background in this paper
...If these were combined into a single unit with a single primary and, secondary sensing and dummy windings, the number of leads would reduce and hence it would become less complex and more reliable [11]....
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TL;DR: An attempt is made to theoretically analyze the properties, such as size, conductivity, and permeability of the metal objects from the output, i.e., amplitude and phase of theMetal detector.
Abstract: Metal detectors are extensively used to find undesirable metal objects in processed food. In such a typical metal detector, the coils are coaxially arranged with the transmitting coil in the center and two receiving coils on the sides. The receiving coils are connected to a differential amplifier. When the magnetic field generated in the transmitting coil is disturbed by metal objects, the amplitude and phase of the output voltage of the differential amplifier change, and, thus, the existence of foreign metal pieces is detected. The relationship between the amplitude and phase of the output and the electromagnetic properties of the metal objects, however, has only been discussed experimentally so far. The authors have already developed the SRPM method to simultaneously estimate the electrical and magnetic properties of a spherical sample by vectorially measuring the difference in the impedance of two circular solenoid coils, one with and the other without a sample. An attempt is made to theoretically analyze the properties, such as size, conductivity, and permeability of the metal objects from the output, i.e., amplitude and phase of the metal detector. Based on this method, an equation to estimate the vector voltage induced in the receiving coil by the metal object is derived by using a spherical sample to simplify the analysis.
76 citations
"A new inductive proximity sensor as..." refers background in this paper
...It is more sensitive to inductive targets than conductive ones [7]....
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...The excitation field induces eddy currents in the metal target (shrapnel) and senses it by virtue of the changes in magnetic field associated with it [7]....
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TL;DR: The steps involved in imaging of terror attack patients include conventional radiography, focused abdominal sonography in trauma, computed tomography, and angiography, with the judicious use of supplemental imaging.
Abstract: On September 11, 2001, the world changed. The vicious giant of terrorism that was dormant until that date had arisen. After the horrific mass-casualty terror attack on the United States, any and all forms of assault seem possible. Owing to the complexity of injuries encountered in terror attack victims, fast and accurate imaging plays an essential role in triage and identification of abnormalities associated with injuries. The radiologist becomes a crucial part of the first-line team of doctors treating these patients. Knowledge that the best available treatment is given to terror attack victims can enhance the strength and endurance of society against terror. On the basis of the authors' experience with terror events in Israel, the steps involved in imaging of terror attack patients include conventional radiography, focused abdominal sonography in trauma, computed tomography, and angiography, with the judicious use of supplemental imaging.
63 citations
"A new inductive proximity sensor as..." refers background in this paper
...CT image of shrapnel inside a bomb blast victim and typical metal objects used in a bomb [1]....
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Proceedings Article•
19 Dec 2011TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the Pulse Induction Metal Detector using Sample and Hold Method (SANDM) which measured the output voltage from search coil and showed that the proposed method can detect metal with satisfied sensitivity and good linearity.
Abstract: This paper presents the Pulse Induction Metal Detector Using Sample and Hold Method. The proposed method is to measure output voltage from search coil. The system consists of the pulse generator circuit, amplifier circuit, integrator circuit, three mono-stable circuits, sample and hold circuit, comparator circuit and display circuit. The voltage output signal of the proposed technique is proportional to size, shape and type of metal target. The metal target with differential size was used in our experiment as an illustrative case study. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect metal with satisfied sensitivity and good linearity.
23 citations
"A new inductive proximity sensor as..." refers background in this paper
...This induces a voltage in the coil whose rate of fall is determined by the metal target [6], [8]....
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