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Journal ArticleDOI

A New Methodology for Circuit Analysis with Reverse Analysis Capability

05 Mar 2017-Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers (World Scientific Publishing Company)-Vol. 26, Iss: 06, pp 1750101
TL;DR: This paper presents a novel technique for the analysis of looped linear time-invariant electric circuits that works in both time and Laplace domains; any type of elements could hence be incorporated.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for the analysis of looped linear time-invariant electric circuits. This approach works in both time and Laplace domains; any type of elements could hence be incorporated. The circuit elements are partitioned into twofold classes of basic circuit and subsidiaries. The basic circuit is a spanning tree of the network, and the subsidiaries include circuit elements hypothetically removed from the looped electric circuit to open the loops. The subsidiaries include a suit of passive elements which might not even make any interconnected circuit. The circuit governing equations of flow and energy conservation are manipulated so that branch currents in the subsidiaries and branch voltages in the basic circuit are considered as independent variables to calculate passive element properties (impedance of all passive elements) directly. In contrast to existing methods, this technique is tailored for the circuit analysis in a reverse manner. As a complement for conventional circuit...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
22 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the variation rule of the Volta potential on deformed copper surfaces with the dislocation density is determined by using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) in conjunction with scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM).
Abstract: The variation rule of the Volta potential on deformed copper surfaces with the dislocation density is determined in this study by using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) in conjunction with scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). The results show that the Volta potential is not linear in the dislocation density. When the dislocation density increases due to the deformation of pure copper, the Volta potential tends to a physical limit. The Volta potential exhibits a fractional function relationship with the dislocation density only for a relatively low shape variable.

2 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new algorithm, called competitive co-evolutionary differential evolution (CODE), is proposed to design analog ICs with practical user-defined specifications, and it is shown that the proposed algorithm offers important advantages in terms of optimization quality and robustness.

154 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that there exist some close relationships between the force method and the least squares problem, and that many existing algebraic procedures to perform theforce method can be regarded as applications/extensions of certain well-known matrix factorization schemes for the least square problem.
Abstract: It is known that the matrix force method has certain advantages over the displacement method for a class of structural problems. It is also known that the force method, when carried out by the conventional Gauss-Jordan procedure, tends to fill in the problem data, making the method unattractive for large size, sparse problems. This poor fill-in property, however, is not necessarily inherent to the method, and the sparsity may be maintained if one uses what we call the Turn-Back LU Procedure. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it is shown that there exist some close relationships between the force method and the least squares problem, and that many existing algebraic procedures to perform the force method can be regarded as applications/extensions of certain well-known matrix factorization schemes for the least squares problem. Secondly, it is demonstrated that these algebraic procedures for the force method can be unified form the matrix factorization viewpoint. Included in this unification is the Turn-Back LU Procedure, which was originally proposed by Topcu in his thesis.8 It is explained why this procedure tends to produce sparse and banded ‘self-stress’ and flexibility matrices with small band width. Some computational results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the Turn-Back LU Procedure over the other schemes considered in this paper.

133 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, Kirchhoff's current law and node analysis was used to evaluate the performance of an Op-Amp and Op-Amplifier circuit, showing that the latter is more robust to power dissipation than the former.
Abstract: Preface 1 Introduction 11 Electric Circuits 12 How to Study This Book 13 Dimensions and Units 14 Symbols and Notation 15 Symbols Versus Numbers 16 Presentation of Calculations 17 Approximations 18 Precision and Tolerance 19 Engineering Notation 110 Problems 2 Current, Voltage, and Resistance 21 Charge and Current 22 Electric Field 23 Electric Potential and Voltage 24 Ohm's Law and Resistance 25 Resistivity 26 Conductance and Conductivity 27 Resistors 28 E Series, Tolerance, and Standard Resistance Values 29 Resistor Marking 210 Variation of Resistivity and Resistance with Temperature 211 American Wire Gauge (AWG) and Metric Wire Gauge (MWG) 212 DC and AC 213 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect 214 Concluding Remark 215 Problems 3 Circuit Elements, Circuit Diagrams, and Kirchhoff's Laws 31 Schematics and Circuit Diagrams 32 Conductors and Connections 33 Annotating Circuit Diagrams 34 Series and Parallel Connections 35 Open Circuits and Short Circuits 36 Basic Circuit Elements: Resistors and Independent Sources 37 Kirchhoff's Current Law and Node Analysis 38 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Mesh Analysis 39 Voltage and Current Dividers 310 Superposition 311 Problems 4 Equivalent Circuits 41 Terminal Characteristics 42 Equivalent Circuits 43 Source Transformations 44 The'venin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 45 Notation: Constant and Time-Varying Current and Voltage 46 Significance of Terminal Characteristics and Equivalence 47 Problems 5 Work and Power 51 Instantaneous Power and the Passive Sign Convention 52 Instantaneous Power Dissipated by a Resistor: Joule's Law 53 Conservation of Power 54 Peak Power 55 Available Power 56 Time Averages 57 Average Power 58 Root Mean Squared (RMS) Amplitude of a Current or Voltage 59 Average Power Dissipated in a Resistive Load 510 Summary: Power Relations 511 Notation 512 Measurement of RMS Amplitude 513 Dissipation Derating 514 Power Dissipation in Physical Components and Circuits 515 Active and Passive Devices, Loads, and Circuits 516 Power Transfer and Power Transfer Efficiency 517 Superposition of Power 518 Problems 6 Dependent Sources and Unilateral Two-Port Circuits 61 Input Resistance and Output Resistance 62 Dependent Sources 63 Linear Two-Port Models 64 Two-Ports in Cascade 65 Voltage, Current, and Power Transfer 66 Transfer Characteristics, Transfer Ratios, and Gain 67 Power Gain 68 Gains and Relative Values in Decibels (dB) 69 Design Considerations 610 Problems 7 Operational Amplifiers I 71 Operational Amplifier Terminals and Voltage Reference 72 DC Circuit Model for an Op Amp 73 The Ideal Op Amp and Some Basic Op-Amp Circuits at DC 74 Feedback and Stability of Op-Amp Circuits 75 Input Resistance and Output Resistance of Op-Amp Circuits 76 Properties of Common Op-Amp Circuits 77 Op Amp Structure and Properties 78 Output Current Limit 79 Input Offset Voltage 710 Input Bias Currents 711 Power Dissipation in Op Amps and Op-Amp Circuits 712 Design Considerations 713 Problems 8 Capacitance 81 Capacitance 82 Capacitors 83 Terminal Characteristics of an Ideal Capacitor 84 Charge-Discharge Time Constant 85 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 86 Leakage Resistance 87 Stray and Parasitic Capacitance Capacitive Coupling 88 Variation of Capacitance with Temperature 89 Energy Storage and Power Dissipation in a Capacitor 810 Applications 811 Problems 9 Inductance 91 Magnetic Field 92 Self Inductance 93 Inductance of Air-Core Coils 94 Inductors 95 Terminal Characteristic of an Inductor 96 Time Constant 97 Inductors in Series and Parallel 98 Energy Storage and Power dissipation in an Inductor 99 Parasitic Self-Inductance 910 Reducing Ripple 911 Inductive Kick 912 Magnetically Coupled Coils and Mutual Inductance 913 Parasitic Mutual Inductance 914 Transformers 915 Ideal Transformers 916 Applications of Transformers 917 Concluding Remarks 918 Problems 10 Complex Arithmetic and Algebra 101 Complex Numbers 102 Complex Arithmetic 103 Conjugate of a Complex Number 104 Magnitude of a Complex Number 105 Arithmetic in a Complex Plane 106 Polar Form of a Complex Number 107 Eulers Identity and Polar Arithmetic 108 The Symbols and 109 Problems 11 Transient Analysis 111 Unit Step Function 112 Notation 113 Initial Conditions 114 First-Order Circuits 115 Second-Order Circuits 116 Time Invariance, Superposition, and Pulse Response 117 Operator Notation 118 Problems 12 Sinusoids, Phasors, and Impedance 121 Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents 122 Time Origin, Phase Reference, and Initial Phase 123 Phasors 124 Phasor Diagrams 125 Impedance and Generalized Ohm's Law 126 Admittance 127 Impedance and Admittance Ratios in dB 128 A Fundamental Relation 129 Circuit Reduction: Elements in Series and Parallel 1210 Time Domain and Frequency Domain 1211 Sinusoidal and DC Steady State 1212 Frequency-Domain Circuit Analysis 1213 Reactance and Effective Resistance 1214 Susceptance and Effective Conductance 1215 Impedance and Admittance Triangles 1216 Linearity and Superposition 1217 The'venin and Norton Equivalent Circuits: Source Transformations 1218 Checking Your Work 1219 Resonance 1220 Quality Factors and Common Resonant Configurations 1221 Simulating Inductance Using Active RC Circuits 1222 Circuit Elements and Physical Circuit Components 1223 Problems 13 Complex Power 131 Definition of Complex Power 132 Notation 133 Power Calculations 134 Reactive Power and Apparent Power 135 Conservation of Complex Power 136 Power Relations in Resonant Circuits 137 Power Factor 138 Power Triangle and Power-Factor Correction 139 Superposition of Complex Power 1310 Power Transfer 1311 Impedance Matching 1312 Problems 14 Three-Phase Circuits 141 Three-Phase Sources 142 Power Transmission and Distribution 143 Residential Wiring 144 Three-Phase Loads 145 Balanced Y-DELTA and DELTA-Y Transformations 146 Power Calculations for Balanced Three-Phase Loads 147 Power-Factor Correction for Three-Phase Loads 148 Instantaneous Power Delivered to a Balanced Load 149 Problems 15 Transfer Functions and Frequency-Domain Analysis 151 Transfer Functions 152 Dependence of a Transfer Function upon Source and Load 153 Gain and Phase Shift 154 Gain in Decibels (dB) 155 Standard Form of a Transfer Function 156 Asymptotic Gain Plots: Linear Factors 157 Asymptotic Gain Plots: Quadratic Factors 158 Asymptotic Plots of Phase Shift Versus Frequency 159 Filters and Bandwidth 1510 Frequency Response 1511 Problems 16 Fourier Series 161 Amplitude-Phase Series 162 Exponential Series and Fourier Coefficients 163 Quadrature Series 164 Summary: Three Forms of Fourier Series 165 Integral Formula for Fourier Coefficients 166 A Table of Fourier Coefficients 167 Modified Fourier Coefficients for Composite Waveforms 168 Convergence of Fourier Series 169 Gibbs' Phenomenon 1610 Circuit Response to Periodic Excitation 1611 Spectra and Spectral Analysis 1612 Problems 17 Operational Amplifiers II: AC Model and Applications 171 AC Model for an Op Amp 172 Linear Resistive-Feedback Amplifiers 173 Linear Reactive-Feedback Circuits 174 Output Swing 175 Slew Rate 176 Amplifiers in Cascade 177 Capacitance Coupling 178 Input Bias Current Compensation in Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers 179 Power Dissipation in Op Amps and Op-Amp Circuits 1710 Power-Conversion Efficiency 1711 Op-Amp Amplifier Circuit Design 1712 Problems 18 Laplace Transformation and s-Domain Circuit Analysis 181 Definition of the Laplace Transformation 182 Convergence and Uniqueness 183 One-Sided Laplace Transforms 184 Shorthand Notation 185 The Delta Function (Unit Impulse) 186 Tables of Operational Properties and Transform Pairs 187 Inverse Transforms Using Partial-Fraction Expansions 188 Terminal Characteristics and Equivalent Circuits 189 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 1810 Checking Your Work 1811 s-Domain Transfer Functions 1812 Forced Response and Unforced Response 1813 Impulse Response and Step Response 1814 Relation of s-Domain to Frequency-Domain Transfer Functions 1815 s-Domain Models for Op Amps and Basic Op-Amp Circuits 1816 Circuits in Cascade 1817 Poles, Zeros, and Pole-Zero Plots 1818 Stability 1819 Pole-Zero Cancellation 1820 Dominant Poles 1821 Pole-Zero Plots and Bode Plots 1822 Problems 19 Active Filters 191 Gain 192 Group Delay 193 A Simple Two-Pole Active Filter 194 Sallen-Key (VCVS) Filters 195 State-Variable Biquadratic Filter 196 Modern Filter Design 197 Problems Appendix: Answers to Exercises Index

56 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The limited usefulness of the maximum power transfer theorem in practice is argued and some reasons for this type of impedance matching exists, other than effectingmaximum power transfer.
Abstract: The limited usefulness of the maximum power transfer theorem in practice is argued. Inappropriately, the utility and value of the maximum power transfer theorem are often elevated to be religious icons of electrical engineering. While the theorem appears to be useful, often in real circuits the load impedance is not set equal to the complex conjugate of the equivalent impedance of the connecting source. When the load impedance happens to be equal to the complex conjugate of the source impedance, other practical reasons for this type of impedance matching exists, other than effecting maximum power transfer. Some reasons are discussed in a straightforward fashion.

45 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the impedance matching and the maximum power transfer problem for the load increase pattern with a common scaling factor was investigated, and a predictor-corrector framework was introduced for fast estimation of the maximum transfer limit.

29 citations