A new redox-active conjugated polymer containing anthraquinone pendants as anode material for aqueous all-organic hybrid-flow battery
TL;DR: In this article, a conjugated redox polymer (Poly(N-anthraquinoyl pyrrole, PAQPy) with electronically conductive polypyrrole backbone and redox-active anthraquinone pendants was synthesized and then utilized as active anode materials for aqueous all-organic hybrid-flow batteries.
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2019-05-31. It has received 31 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Flow battery & Redox.
Citations
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07 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The redox flow battery (RFB) as discussed by the authors is one of the most promising systems for large scale electrochemical energy storage applications and the development of redox-active materials is an essential part of RFB development.
Abstract: The redox flow battery (RFB) is one of the most promising systems for large scale electrochemical energy storage applications. The development of redox-active materials is an essential part of RFB ...
65 citations
01 Sep 2019
TL;DR: Irrefutably, it is confirmed that high-molecular-weight polymeric AQ compounds are best in comparison with low-molesculated-weight AQ monomers because they have pre-eminent properties over monomeric systems.
Abstract: Conducting polymers or synthetic monomers have revolutionized the world and are at the heart of scientific research having a scope of vast diverse applications in many technological fields. The conducting and redox polymers have been investigated as energy storage systems because of their better sustainability, ease of synthesis, and environmental compatibility. Owing to the conducting properties of quinones, they gain too much importance among the researchers. Keeping in view the importance and sustainability of conducting polymers, for the first time, this study compiles a detailed overview of synthetic approaches followed by investigations on electrochemical properties and future directions. This study critically examines the synthetic process of simple monomers, substituted monomers, and polymers of anthraquinone (AQ) under the classification of low- and high-molecular-weight AQ–based derivatives, their working principles, and their electrochemical applications, which enable us to explore their novel possible application in automotive, solar cell devices, aircraft aileron, and biomedical equipment. Irrefutably, we confirm that high-molecular-weight polymeric AQ compounds are best in comparison with low-molecular-weight AQ monomers because they have pre-eminent properties over monomeric systems. Because of the significant properties of AQ, polymeric systems are high demanding and have emerged as a hot topic among the researchers these days. In the current scenario, this study is of immense importance because it identifies and discusses the right and sustainable combination and paves the way to utilize these novel materials in different technologies.
61 citations
TL;DR: Aqueous flow batteries have become one of the most promising next-generation energy storage and conversion devices because of their excellent performance as mentioned in this paper, and have been shown to be a necessary supplement to clean renewable energy.
Abstract: As a necessary supplement to clean renewable energy, aqueous flow batteries have become one of the most promising next-generation energy storage and conversion devices because of their excellent sa...
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the DTP-cored redox polymers exhibit high reversibility in charge/discharge cycling and withstand high current rate up to 50 C. The twist alignment of quinone pendants on DTP backbone facilitates charge transport and electrochemical reaction kinetics.
37 citations
TL;DR: Aqueous organic flow battery (AOFB) is a novel system with decoupled capacity and power, which stores energy in organic redox-active species and can be easily scaled-up, thereby promising low-cost energy storage solution as discussed by the authors.
24 citations
References
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TL;DR: This work describes a class of energy storage materials that exploits the favourable chemical and electrochemical properties of a family of molecules known as quinones, and demonstrates a metal-free flow battery based on the redox chemistry of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid.
Abstract: Flow batteries, in which the electro-active components are held in fluid form external to the battery itself, are attractive as a potential means for regulating the output of intermittent renewable sources of electricity; an aqueous flow battery based on inexpensive commodity chemicals is now reported that also has the virtue of enabling further improvement of battery performance through organic chemical design. Flow batteries differ from the conventional type in that the electro-active components of flow batteries are held in fluid form external to the battery itself, enabling such systems to store arbitrarily large amounts of energy. Flow batteries are therefore attractive as a potential means for regulating the output of intermittent sources of electricity such as wind or solar power. But an important limitation of most such systems is the abundance and cost of the electro-active materials. To overcome this limitation, Brian Huskinson and colleagues have developed an aqueous flow battery on the basis of inexpensive, non-metallic commodity chemicals, with the added advantage of enabling the tuning of key battery properties through chemical design. As the fraction of electricity generation from intermittent renewable sources—such as solar or wind—grows, the ability to store large amounts of electrical energy is of increasing importance. Solid-electrode batteries maintain discharge at peak power for far too short a time to fully regulate wind or solar power output1,2. In contrast, flow batteries can independently scale the power (electrode area) and energy (arbitrarily large storage volume) components of the system by maintaining all of the electro-active species in fluid form3,4,5. Wide-scale utilization of flow batteries is, however, limited by the abundance and cost of these materials, particularly those using redox-active metals and precious-metal electrocatalysts6,7. Here we describe a class of energy storage materials that exploits the favourable chemical and electrochemical properties of a family of molecules known as quinones. The example we demonstrate is a metal-free flow battery based on the redox chemistry of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid (AQDS). AQDS undergoes extremely rapid and reversible two-electron two-proton reduction on a glassy carbon electrode in sulphuric acid. An aqueous flow battery with inexpensive carbon electrodes, combining the quinone/hydroquinone couple with the Br2/Br− redox couple, yields a peak galvanic power density exceeding 0.6 W cm−2 at 1.3 A cm−2. Cycling of this quinone–bromide flow battery showed >99 per cent storage capacity retention per cycle. The organic anthraquinone species can be synthesized from inexpensive commodity chemicals8. This organic approach permits tuning of important properties such as the reduction potential and solubility by adding functional groups: for example, we demonstrate that the addition of two hydroxy groups to AQDS increases the open circuit potential of the cell by 11% and we describe a pathway for further increases in cell voltage. The use of π-aromatic redox-active organic molecules instead of redox-active metals represents a new and promising direction for realizing massive electrical energy storage at greatly reduced cost.
1,194 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of organic electrode materials, including their fundamental knowledge, development history and perspective applications, is provided. And the authors elaborate in detail various organics with different structures, including conducting polymers, organodisulfides, thioethers, nitroxyl radical polymers and conjugated carbonyl compounds.
Abstract: As an alternative to conventional inorganic intercalation electrode materials, organic electrode materials are promising candidates for the next generation of sustainable and versatile energy storage devices. In this paper we provide an overview of organic electrode materials, including their fundamental knowledge, development history and perspective applications. Based on different organics including n-type, p-type and bipolar, we firstly analyzed their working principles, reaction mechanisms, electrochemical performances, advantages and challenges. To understand the development history and trends in organic electrode materials, we elaborate in detail various organics with different structures, including conducting polymers, organodisulfides, thioethers, nitroxyl radical polymers and conjugated carbonyl compounds. The high electrochemical performance, in addition with the unique features of organics such as flexibility, processability and structure diversity, provide them great perspective in various energy storage devices, including rechargeable Li/Na batteries, supercapacitors, thin film batteries, aqueous rechargeable batteries, redox flow batteries and even all-organic batteries. It is expected that organic electrode materials will show their talents in the “post Li-ion battery” era, towards cheap, green, sustainable and versatile energy storage devices.
1,156 citations
TL;DR: An alkaline flow battery based on redox-active organic molecules that are composed entirely of Earth-abundant elements and are nontoxic, nonflammable, and safe for use in residential and commercial environments is reported, potentially enabling cost-effective stationary storage of renewable energy.
Abstract: Storage of photovoltaic and wind electricity in batteries could solve the mismatch problem between the intermittent supply of these renewable resources and variable demand. Flow batteries permit more economical long-duration discharge than solid-electrode batteries by using liquid electrolytes stored outside of the battery. We report an alkaline flow battery based on redox-active organic molecules that are composed entirely of Earth-abundant elements and are nontoxic, nonflammable, and safe for use in residential and commercial environments. The battery operates efficiently with high power density near room temperature. These results demonstrate the stability and performance of redox-active organic molecules in alkaline flow batteries, potentially enabling cost-effective stationary storage of renewable energy.
767 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an Organic Redox Flow Battery (ORBAT) was proposed for large-scale energy storage. But the ORBAT cell uses a membrane-electrode assembly configuration similar to that used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
Abstract: We introduce a novel Organic Redox Flow Battery (ORBAT), for Meeting the demanding requirements of cost, eco-friendliness, and durability for large-scale energy storage. ORBAT employs two different water-soluble organic redox couples on the positive and negative side of a flow battery. Redox couples such as quinones are particularly attractive for this application. No precious metal catalyst is needed because of the fast proton-coupled electron transfer processes. Furthermore, in acid media, the quinones exhibit good chemical stability. These properties render quinone-based redox couples very attractive for high-efficiency metal-free rechargeable batteries. We demonstrate the rechargeability of ORBAT with anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid or anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid on the negative side, and 1,2-dihydrobenzoquinone- 3,5-disulfonic acid on the positive side. The ORBAT cell uses a membrane-electrode assembly configuration similar to that used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Such a battery can be charged and discharged multiple times at high faradaic efficiency without any noticeable degradation of performance. We show that solubility and mass transport properties of the reactants and products are paramount to achieving high current densities and high efficiency. The ORBAT configuration presents a unique opportunity for developing an inexpensive and sustainable metal-free rechargeable battery for large-scale electrical energy storage. (C) The Author(s) 2014. Published bymore » ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.orgilicenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved.« less
359 citations
TL;DR: A redox flow battery using flavin mononucleotide negative and ferrocyanide positive electrolytes in strong base shows stable cycling performance, with over 99% capacity retention over the course of 100 cycles, hypothesize that this is enabled due to the oxidized and reduced forms of FMN-Na being stabilized by resonance structures.
Abstract: The versatility in design of redox flow batteries makes them apt to efficiently store energy in large-scale applications at low cost. The discovery of inexpensive organic electroactive materials for use in aqueous flow battery electrolytes is highly attractive, but is thus far limited. Here we report on a flow battery using an aqueous electrolyte based on the sodium salt of flavin mononucleotide. Flavins are highly versatile electroactive molecules, which catalyse a multitude of redox reactions in biological systems. We use nicotinamide (vitamin B3) as a hydrotropic agent to enhance the water solubility of flavin mononucleotide. A redox flow battery using flavin mononucleotide negative and ferrocyanide positive electrolytes in strong base shows stable cycling performance, with over 99% capacity retention over the course of 100 cycles. We hypothesize that this is enabled due to the oxidized and reduced forms of FMN-Na being stabilized by resonance structures.
244 citations