A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex
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TLDR
It is shown that oRG-like progenitor cells are present in the mouse embryonic neocortex and undergo self-renewing asymmetric divisions to generate neurons, filling a gap in the understanding of neocortical expansion.Abstract:
A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is cortical expansion, which reflects an increase in the number of cortical neurons established by the progenitor cell subtypes present and the number of their neurogenic divisions. Recent studies have revealed a new class of radial glia-like (oRG) progenitor cells in the human brain, which reside in the outer subventricular zone. Expansion of the subventricular zone and appearance of oRG cells may have been essential evolutionary steps leading from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic neocortex. Here we show that oRG-like progenitor cells are present in the mouse embryonic neocortex. They arise from asymmetric divisions of radial glia and undergo self-renewing asymmetric divisions to generate neurons. Moreover, mouse oRG cells undergo mitotic somal translocation whereby centrosome movement into the basal process during interphase precedes nuclear translocation. Our finding of oRG cells in the developing rodent brain fills a gap in our understanding of neocortical expansion.read more
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Development and Evolution of the Human Neocortex
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed how proliferation of cells within the outer subventricular zone expands the human neocortex by increasing neuron number and modifying the trajectory of migrating neurons, and compared these features to other mammalian species and known molecular regulators of the mouse neocortex.
Journal ArticleDOI
Human cerebral cortex development from pluripotent stem cells to functional excitatory synapses
TL;DR: It was found that induction of cortical neuroepithelial stem cells from human ES cells and human iPS cells was dependent on retinoid signaling and human ES cell and iPS cell differentiation to cerebral cortex recapitulated in vivo development to generate all classes of cortical projection neurons in a fixed temporal order.
Journal ArticleDOI
Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell–derived neocortex
Taisuke Kadoshima,Hideya Sakaguchi,Tokushige Nakano,Mika Soen,Satoshi Ando,Mototsugu Eiraku,Yoshiki Sasai +6 more
TL;DR: New self-organizing aspects of human corticogenesis are shown: spontaneous development of intracortical polarity, curving morphology, and complex zone separations, which suggest human neocorticogenesis involves intrinsic programs that enable the emergence of complex neocortical features.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity
TL;DR: This work provides substantial insight into the 'molecular logic' underlying cortical development and increasingly supports a model in which individual progenitor-stage and postmitotic regulators are embedded within highly interconnected networks that gate sequential developmental decisions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular Identity of Human Outer Radial Glia during Cortical Development
Alex A. Pollen,Tomasz J. Nowakowski,Jiadong Chen,Hanna Retallack,Carmen Sandoval-Espinosa,Cory R. Nicholas,Joe Shuga,Siyuan John Liu,Michael C. Oldham,Aaron Diaz,Daniel A. Lim,Anne A. Leyrat,Jay A. A. West,Arnold R. Kriegstein +13 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that outer radial glia directly support the subventricular niche through local production of growth factors, potentiation of growth factor signals by extracellular matrix proteins, and activation of self-renewal pathways, thereby enabling the developmental and evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex.
References
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Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases
TL;DR: It is shown here that neurons are generated in two proliferative zones by distinct patterns of division, and newborn neurons do not migrate directly to the cortex; instead, most exhibit four distinct phases of migration, including a phase of retrograde movement toward the ventricle before migration to the cortical plate.
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Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex
Stephen C. Noctor,Alexander C. Flint,Tamily A. Weissman,Ryan S. Dammerman,Arnold R. Kriegstein +4 more
TL;DR: The results support the concept that a lineage relationship between neurons and proliferative radial glia may underlie the radial organization of neocortex.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how these features change during development from neuroepithelial to radial glial cells, and how this transition affects cell fate and neurogenesis.