A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process
TL;DR: In this paper, a forward (direct) osmosis (FO) desalination process is presented, which uses an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution to extract water from a saline feed water across a semi-permeable polymeric membrane.
About: This article is published in Desalination.The article was published on 2005-04-01. It has received 943 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Forward osmosis & Pressure-retarded osmosis.
Citations
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TL;DR: Some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water are highlighted.
Abstract: One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Here we highlight some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water.
6,967 citations
TL;DR: The possible reductions in energy demand by state-of-the-art seawater Desalination technologies, the potential role of advanced materials and innovative technologies in improving performance, and the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages are reviewed.
Abstract: In recent years, numerous large-scale seawater desalination plants have been built in water-stressed countries to augment available water resources, and construction of new desalination plants is expected to increase in the near future. Despite major advancements in desalination technologies, seawater desalination is still more energy intensive compared to conventional technologies for the treatment of fresh water. There are also concerns about the potential environmental impacts of large-scale seawater desalination plants. Here, we review the possible reductions in energy demand by state-of-the-art seawater desalination technologies, the potential role of advanced materials and innovative technologies in improving performance, and the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages.
4,840 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations are presented, along with a review of the current state of the art.
2,235 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have discussed the usage of different types of membranes for FO desalination application and their performances enhancement by suitable modification has been discussed, as well as a significant amount of work has been carried out to produce high-performance FO membrane for Desalination.
Abstract: Rapid population growth increases the demand for freshwater. Membrane technology is playing a dynamic role in the production of clean water from seawater and wastewater. The desalination of seawater using forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging technology to produce freshwater, as it is energy efficient than the conventional processes. In recent days, a significant amount of work has been carried out to produce high-performance FO membrane for desalination. In this chapter, usage of different types of membranes for FO desalination application and their performances enhancement by suitable modification has been discussed.
1,509 citations
TL;DR: This review critically assesses the contributions of carbon-based nanomaterials to a broad range of environmental applications: sorbents, high-flux membranes, depth filters, antimicrobial agents, environmental sensors, renewable energy technologies, and pollution prevention strategies.
Abstract: The unique and tunable properties of carbon-based nanomaterials enable new technologies for identifying and addressing environmental challenges. This review critically assesses the contributions of carbon-based nanomaterials to a broad range of environmental applications: sorbents, high-flux membranes, depth filters, antimicrobial agents, environmental sensors, renewable energy technologies, and pollution prevention strategies. In linking technological advance back to the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of carbonaceous nanomaterials, this article also outlines future opportunities for nanomaterial application in environmental systems.
1,343 citations
References
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Book•
16 Dec 1999
TL;DR: Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.
Abstract: Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.
3,680 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the phenomenological equations for transport in these processes using the solution-diffusion model and starting from the fundamental statement that flux is proportional to a gradient in chemical potential.
2,864 citations
"A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forw..." refers background in this paper
...For dense membranes where the solution-diffusion mechanism governs water transport, this coefficient is dependent on such membrane characteristics as membrane thickness, partition (sorption) coefficient of water into the membrane, and diffusivity of water within the polymer membrane phase [15]....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews possibilities to treat or discharge the concentrate and general guidelines are given for the choice of a proper method as a function of the origin and composition of the water treated.
Abstract: Application of pressure-driven membrane processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis) results in the generation of a large concentrated waste stream, the concentrate fraction, as a byproduct of the purification process. Treatment of the concentrate is a major hurdle for the implementation of pressure-driven membrane processes since the concentrate is usually unusable and has to be discharged or further treated. This paper reviews possibilities to treat or discharge the concentrate: (i) reuse, (ii) removal of contaminants, (iii) incineration, (iv) direct or indirect discharge in surface water, (v) direct or indirect discharge in groundwater, and (vi) discharge on a landfill. General guidelines are given for the choice of a proper method as a function of the origin and composition of the water treated. Next, the further treatment of the concentrates in four application areas of pressure-driven membrane processes (drinking water industry, leather industry, and membrane treatment of landfill leachates and of textile process waters) is discussed.
309 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that internal polarization may have a profound adverse effect on the water permeation rate of an asymmetric semipermeable membrane under pressure-retarded osmosis.
266 citations
"A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forw..." refers background in this paper
...It is expected that these thick fabric and porous support layers in the AG and CE membranes contribute to the development of internal concentration polarization and, therefore, dramatically reduce the effective driving force and resulting water flux [16]....
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TL;DR: In this article, sea water can be desalinated by direct osmosis across a cellulose acetate membrane by using the osmotic pressure of a hypertonic glucose solution as the energy source.
228 citations
"A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forw..." refers background in this paper
...Kravath [ 8 ] described a process of seawater desalination achieved by forward osmosis of water across a cellulose acetate membrane....
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