A novel facile two-step method for producing glucose from cellulose
TL;DR: A two-step acid-catalyzed hydrolysis methodology is established to effectively hydrolyze cellulose to glucose with high yield and selectivity under mild conditions and with the assistance of microwave in the second step, the yield and selectedivity of glucose can be improved.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2013-06-01. It has received 41 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cellulose & Hydrolysis.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art studies on the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose over various types of solid acid catalysts such as acid resins, metal oxides, H-form zeolites, heteropoly acids, functionalized silicas, supported metals, immobilized ionic liquids, carbonaceous acids and magnetic acids are systematically summarized.
Abstract: With the progressive increase in global energy demands and the continuous depletion of worldwide fossil resources, renewable lignocellulosic biomass has attracted more and more attention. As the most abundant component of lignocellulosic biomass, cellulose, which is a linear polymer formed by the repeating connection of glucose units through β-1,4-glycosidic linkages, is considered to be an inexhaustible raw material for the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels. For the effective utilization of cellulose, the primary and essential step is the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose. Although homogeneous acids and cellulases are the most common catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, they possess a series of problems such as reactor corrosion, waste treatment and poor recyclability and high cost, low efficiency and long reaction time, respectively. In order to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks, solid acid catalysts have been increasingly employed for the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose in recent years. In this review, the state-of-the-art studies on the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose over various types of solid acid catalysts such as acid resins, metal oxides, H-form zeolites, heteropoly acids, functionalized silicas, supported metals, immobilized ionic liquids, carbonaceous acids and magnetic acids are systematically summarized. Meanwhile, reaction medias, auxiliary methods and neoteric strategies for the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose are intensively discussed. Furthermore, some potential research trends in the future are also prospected to provide some valuable ideas for the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose in a more green, simple, efficient and inexpensive way.
203 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors overview the recent advances in the catalytic routes for the synthesis of glucose from lignocellulosic biomass over various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
117 citations
TL;DR: The immobilized cellulase was shown to hydrolyze bamboo biomass with a yield of 21%, and was re-used in biomass conversion up to four cycles with 38% activity retention, which indicated that the immobilized enzyme has good potential for biomass applications.
Abstract: The utilization of renewable biomass resources to produce high-value chemicals by enzymatic processes is beneficial for alternative energy production, due to the accelerating depletion of fossil fuels. As immobilization techniques can improve enzyme stability and reusability, a novel magnetic cross-linked cellulase aggregate has been developed and applied for biomass bioconversion. The crosslinked aggregates could purify and immobilize enzymes in a single operation, and could then be combined with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which provides easy separation of the materials. The immobilized cellulase showed a better activity at a wider temperature range and pH values than that of the free cellulase. After six cycles of consecutive reuse, the immobilized cellulase performed successful magnetic separation and retained 74% of its initial activity when carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as the model substrate. Furthermore, the structure and morphology of the immobilized cellulase were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the immobilized cellulase was shown to hydrolyze bamboo biomass with a yield of 21%, and was re-used in biomass conversion up to four cycles with 38% activity retention, which indicated that the immobilized enzyme has good potential for biomass applications.
76 citations
Cites background from "A novel facile two-step method for ..."
...Many approaches have been studied to obtain water-soluble sugars by using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts such as liquid acids [6,7], solid acids [8–11], and enzymes [12,13]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of existing studies and applications of non-conventional energy sources such as microwaves, ultrasound and ball milling within this field, focusing on suitable protocols for the conversion of biomass into fine chemicals.
74 citations
TL;DR: Corn stalk showed highest conversion of cellulose among three samples, irrespective of the pretreatment used, and contributes to make the strategy to transform cellulose I to cellulose II and enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
53 citations
References
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25,389 citations
TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056
7,067 citations
TL;DR: Liquid alkanes with the number of carbon atoms ranging from C7 to C15 were selectively produced from biomass-derived carbohydrates by acid-catalyzed dehydration, which was followed by aldol condensation over solid base catalysts to form large organic compounds.
Abstract: Liquid alkanes with the number of carbon atoms ranging from C7 to C15 were selectively produced from biomass-derived carbohydrates by acid-catalyzed dehydration, which was followed by aldol condensation over solid base catalysts to form large organic compounds. These molecules were then converted into alkanes by dehydration/hydrogenation over bifunctional catalysts that contained acid and metal sites in a four-phase reactor, in which the aqueous organic reactant becomes more hydrophobic and a hexadecane alkane stream removes hydrophobic species from the catalyst before they go on further to form coke. These liquid alkanes are of the appropriate molecular weight to be used as transportation fuel components, and they contain 90% of the energy of the carbohydrate and H2 feeds.
1,556 citations
TL;DR: A catalytic process for the direct formation of methyl lactate from common sugars by Lewis acidic zeotypes, such as Sn-Beta, catalyze the conversion of mono- and disaccharides that are dissolved in methanol tomethyl lactate at 160°C.
Abstract: Presently, very few compounds of commercial interest are directly accessible from carbohydrates by using nonfermentive approaches. We describe here a catalytic process for the direct formation of methyl lactate from common sugars. Lewis acidic zeotypes, such as Sn-Beta, catalyze the conversion of mono- and disaccharides that are dissolved in methanol to methyl lactate at 160 degrees C. With sucrose as the substrate, methyl lactate yield reaches 68%, and the heterogeneous catalyst can be easily recovered by filtration and reused multiple times after calcination without any substantial change in the product selectivity.
796 citations
TL;DR: The hydrolysis of cellulose over sulfonated carbons was promoted greatly by elevating the sulfonation temperature and the cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with the glucose yield as high as 74.5%, which is the highest level reported so far on solid acid catalysts.
310 citations