A novel multiple frequency stimulation method for steady state VEP based brain computer interfaces
TL;DR: This paper discusses a method to increase the number of commands by using a suitable combination of frequencies for stimulation using a limited number of stimulating frequencies in BCI.
Abstract: The objective is to increase the number of selections in brain computer interfaces (BCI) by recording and analyzing the steady state visual evoked potential response to dual stimulation. A BCI translates the VEP signals into user commands. The frequency band from which stimulation frequency can be selected is limited for SSVEP. This paper discusses a method to increase the number of commands by using a suitable combination of frequencies for stimulation. A biopotential amplifier based on the driven right leg circuit (DRL) is used to record 60 s epochs of the SSVEP (O(z)-A(1)) on 15 subjects using simultaneous overlapped stimulation (6, 7, 12, 13 and 14 Hzs and corresponding half frequencies). The power spectrum of each recording is obtained by frequency domain averaging of 400 ms SSVEPs and the spectral peaks were normalized. The spectral peaks of the combination frequencies of stimulation are predominant compared to individual stimulating frequencies. This method increases the number of selections by using a limited number of stimulating frequencies in BCI. For example, six selections are possible by generating only three frequencies.
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TL;DR: The steady-state evoked activity, its properties, and the mechanisms behind SSVEP generation are investigated and future research directions related to basic and applied aspects of SSVEPs are outlined.
898 citations
Cites background from "A novel multiple frequency stimulat..."
...…flickering at two different frequencies, induced a spectral response with peaks at the individual frequencies, in addition to peaks at other frequencies; the latter peaks were caused by quadratic coupling between the two stimulus frequencies and their harmonics (Srihari Mukesh et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the literature on SSVEP-based BCIs and comprehensively reports on the different RVS choices in terms of rendering devices, properties, and their potential influence on BCI performance, user safety and comfort.
Abstract: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) provide higher information throughput and require shorter training than BCI systems using other brain signals. To elicit an SSVEP, a repetitive visual stimulus (RVS) has to be presented to the user. The RVS can be rendered on a computer screen by alternating graphical patterns, or with external light sources able to emit modulated light. The properties of an RVS (e.g., frequency, color) depend on the rendering device and influence the SSVEP characteristics. This affects the BCI information throughput and the levels of user safety and comfort. Literature on SSVEP-based BCIs does not generally provide reasons for the selection of the used rendering devices or RVS properties. In this paper, we review the literature on SSVEP-based BCIs and comprehensively report on the different RVS choices in terms of rendering devices, properties, and their potential influence on BCI performance, user safety and comfort.
563 citations
Cites background or methods from "A novel multiple frequency stimulat..."
...By adding together two frequencies F1 and F2 = F1/2 a third stimulus F1 + F2 was obtained which would evoke peaks in the SSVEP signal at F1, F2, F1 + F2 and their harmonics [64]....
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...2006 [64] — Checkerboard 6, 7, 12, 13, 14 Hz White/black —...
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...In [64], the stimulus was a checkerboard rendered on a computer screen....
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TL;DR: Novel methods for detecting steady-state visual evoked potentials using multiple electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are presented, tailored for brain-computer interfacing, where fast and accurate detection is of vital importance for achieving high information transfer rates.
Abstract: In this paper, novel methods for detecting steady-state visual evoked potentials using multiple electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are presented. The methods are tailored for brain-computer interfacing, where fast and accurate detection is of vital importance for achieving high information transfer rates. High detection accuracy using short time segments is obtained by finding combinations of electrode signals that cancel strong interference signals in the EEG data. Data from a test group consisting of 10 subjects are used to evaluate the new methods and to compare them to standard techniques. Using 1-s signal segments, six different visual stimulation frequencies could be discriminated with an average classification accuracy of 84%. An additional advantage of the presented methodology is that it is fully online, i.e., no calibration data for noise estimation, feature extraction, or electrode selection is needed
511 citations
Cites background from "A novel multiple frequency stimulat..."
...Recently, the SSVEP phenomenon has found a new application in so-called brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) [5]–[11]....
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TL;DR: The results show that by adequately considering the problems encountered in system design, signal processing, and parameter optimization, SSVEPs can provide the most useful information about brain activities using the least number of electrodes, thus benefiting the implementation of a practical BCI.
Abstract: Recently, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain- computer interfaces (BCIs) have become a hot spot in the study of neural engineering, rehabilitation, and brain science. In this article, we review BCI systems based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Although the performance of this type of BCI has already been evaluated by many research groups through a variety of laboratory demonstrations, researchers are still facing many difficulties in changing the demonstrations to practically applicable systems. On the basis of the literature, we describe the challenges in developing practical BCI systems. Also, our recent work in the designs and implementations of the BCI systems based on steady-state VEPs (SSVEPs) is described in detail. The results show that by adequately considering the problems encountered in system design, signal processing, and parameter optimization, SSVEPs can provide the most useful information about brain activities using the least number of electrodes. At the same time, system cost could be greatly decreased and usability could be readily improved, thus benefiting the implementation of a practical BCI.
384 citations
TL;DR: A new taxonomy based on the multiple access methods used in telecommunication systems is described, which aims to provide useful guidelines for exploring new paradigms and methodologies to improve the current visual and auditory BCI technology.
Abstract: Over the past several decades, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have attracted attention from researchers in the field of neuroscience, neural engineering, and clinical rehabilitation. While the performance of BCI systems has improved, they do not yet support widespread usage. Recently, visual and auditory BCI systems have become popular because of their high communication speeds, little user training, and low user variation. However, building robust and practical BCI systems from physiological and technical knowledge of neural modulation of visual and auditory brain responses remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we review the current state and future challenges of visual and auditory BCI systems. First, we describe a new taxonomy based on the multiple access methods used in telecommunication systems. Then, we discuss the challenges of translating current technology into real-life practices and outline potential avenues to address them. Specifically, this review aims to provide useful guidelines for exploring new paradigms and methodologies to improve the current visual and auditory BCI technology.
340 citations
Cites background from "A novel multiple frequency stimulat..."
...prove the separability of multiple classes [101], [102]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation (W. Olson).
Abstract: Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation Basic Sensors and Principles Amplifiers and Signal Processing The Origin of Biopotentials Biopotential Electrodes Biopotential Amplifiers Blood Pressure and Sound Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood Measurements of the Respiratory System Chemical Biosensors Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation Medical Imaging Systems Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices Electrical Safety.
1,674 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an approach to explore the potential of PE in the context of neurophysiologie and psychophysics, and propose a set of criteria for evaluating the applicability of PE.
Abstract: Consid6rant que l'excessive hypersp6cialisation des neurosciences est un obstacle ~ la diffusion et /t l'enseignement d 'un savoir scientifique pourtant commun ~ plusieurs champs de recherches au sein des sciences du cerveau, l 'auteur se propose d'&udier les potentiels 6voqu6s (PE) de mani~re r6solument multidisciplinaire, depuis l'6tude du fonctionnement de groupes neuronaux chez les primates jusqu'aux activit6s perceptives, cognitives et aux comportements moteurs 61abor6s chez l 'homme. Destin6 autant aux &udiants de doctorat qu'aux chercheurs exp6riment6s plus sp6cialis6s, cet ouvrage apporte aux premiers une introduction concr6te h la probl6matique g6n6rale des PE au moyen d'exemples simples, et aux seconds une revue exhaustive et concise de la place des PE en l'6tat actuel de la science sur des aspects fondamentaux ou des applications cliniques. L'auteur adopte syst6matiquement une d6marche fructueuse de confrontation entre m6thodologie et clinique. Pour tenir compte des horizons divers des lecteurs, l 'auteur n ' a pas craint de d6velopper des notions << 616mentaires >> de traitement du signal destin6es aux biologistes et aux m6decins et des notions solides de neurophysiologie g6n6rale destin6es aux math6maticiens et aux ing6nieurs. L'ouvrage, tr~s volumineux, est divis6 en 3 parties: la premi6re (165 pages, 11 chapitres et 3 appendices) est une revue exhaustive des diff6rents moyens de traitement du signal applicables aux PE. La d6marche de l 'auteur reste pragmatique: il importe d'avoir toujours h l'esprit les contraintes impos6es par le choix de tel ou tel module math6matique ou statistique sur l'interpr6tation des r6sultats et surtout sur la gen6se d'art6facts. La tongueur de cette premiere pattie, qui correspond ~t un gros volume ordinaire rassemble et commente l'ensemble des techniques utilis6es dans l'6tude des PE des plus anciennes aux plus actuelles, en insisrant sur les caract6ristiques propres aux stimuli et leurs cons6quences dans l'interpr&ation d 'un plan exp6rimental. Les pi6ges sp6cifiques tt l'enregistrement et l'interpr6tation des PE sont analys6s avec rigueur et humour. La 2 e pattie aborde les aspects fondamentaux (320 pages, 8 chapitres) : int6r& et place des PE dans l'6tude des processus cognitifs, des comportements moteurs, des voies auditives, somesth6siques, visuelles, vestibulaires, olfactives, gustatives et douloureuses. La r6daction de chaque chapitre fait appel aux notions les plus actuelles de neuro-anatomie, de neurophysiologie exp6rimentale et de psychophysiologie. Le 8 e chapitre de cette seconde pattie est une mise au point sur l'int6r~t de l'6tude des champs magn&iques dans les PE. Enfin, la 3 e partie (80 pages, 5 chapitres) est une revue de la litt6rature concise et exhaustive concernant les applications cliniques des PE auditifs, visuels et somesth6siques. Le dernier chapitre est consacr6 aux troubles psychiatriques de l'adulte et de l 'enfant. L'ouvrage cite plus de 3000 r6f6rences dont plus de 150 correspondent aux contributions personnelles de l'auteur. Le style est alerte, l'auteur reste toujours tr6s proche des pr6occupations concr6tes des lecteurs. Un index fourni permet de se rapporter facilement ~ un d6tail particulier. L'6dition est remarquable, soign6e et tr6s lisible. Ce livre est une somme monumentale ~ placer dans toutes les biblioth6ques de neurophysiologie.
1,576 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996785 citations
TL;DR: A brain-computer interface that can help users to input phone numbers based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which has noninvasive signal recording, little training required for use, and high information transfer rate.
Abstract: This paper presents a brain-computer interface (BCI) that can help users to input phone numbers. The system is based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Twelve buttons illuminated at different rates were displayed on a computer monitor. The buttons constituted a virtual telephone keypad, representing the ten digits 0-9, BACKSPACE, and ENTER. Users could input phone number by gazing at these buttons. The frequency-coded SSVEP was used to judge which button the user desired. Eight of the thirteen subjects succeeded in ringing the mobile phone using the system. The average transfer rate over all subjects was 27.15 bits/min. The attractive features of the system are noninvasive signal recording, little training required for use, and high information transfer rate. Approaches to improve the performance of the system are discussed.
765 citations
01 Jun 2000
TL;DR: The Air Force Research Laboratory has implemented and evaluated two brain-computer interfaces that translate the steady-state visual evoked response into a control signal for operating a physical device or computer program.
Abstract: The Air Force Research Laboratory has implemented and evaluated two brain-computer interfaces (BCI's) that translate the steady-state visual evoked response into a control signal for operating a physical device or computer program. In one approach, operators self-regulate the brain response; the other approach uses multiple evoked responses.
655 citations