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Journal ArticleDOI

A novel three-step approach to separate cathode components for lithium-ion battery recycling

01 Jun 2021-Rare Metals (Nonferrous Metals Society of China)-Vol. 40, Iss: 6, pp 1431-1436
TL;DR: In this article, a three-step treatment for the separation of cathode components was proposed, and the separation efficiency between the active material and conductive carbon by the polymer solution in the third step showed reasonably good results.
About: This article is published in Rare Metals.The article was published on 2021-06-01. It has received 32 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cathode & Lithium-ion battery.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a range of existing technologies for recycling and reusing spent lithium-ion batteries, such as pretreatment, pyrometallurgy, and direct recycled methods, are summarized exclusively.
Abstract: The number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is steadily increasing in order to meet the ever-growing demand for sustainable energy and a high quality of life for humankind. At the same time, the resulting large number of LIB waste certainly poses safety hazards if it is not properly disposed of and will seriously harm the environment due to its inherent toxicity due to the use of toxic substances. Moreover, the consumption of many scarce precious metal resources is behind the mass production of batteries. In the light of severe environmental, resources, safety and recycling problems, recycling spent LIBs have become an essential urgently needed action to achieve sustainable social development. This review therefore critically analyses the value and the need for recycling of spent LIBs from a variety of resources and the environment. A range of existing technologies for recycling and reusing spent LIBs, such as pretreatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycled methods, is subsequently summarized exclusively. In addition, the benefits and problems of the methods described above are analyzed in detail. It also introduces recycling progress of other LIB components, such as anodes, separators, and electrolytes, as well as the high-value cathode. Finally, the prospects for recycling LIBs are addressed in four ways (government, users, battery manufacturers, and recyclers). This review should contribute to the development of the recycling of used LIBs, particularly in support of industrialization and recycling processes.

50 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors demonstrate that the disassembly of charged jellyroll cells in water with a single main step reveals no emissions from the cells and near perfect recycling efficiencies that exceed the targets of the US Department of Energy and Batteries Europe.

28 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the disassembly of charged jellyroll cells in water with a single main step reveals no emissions from the cells and near perfect recycling efficiencies that exceed the targets of the US Department of Energy and Batteries Europe.

28 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects, and various recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometric and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated.
Abstract: The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/applied and the advanced recycling technology with low energy consumption, low emission, and green reagents needs to be highlighted. In this review, the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects. Second, the various LIBs recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated. Then, based on the challenges of the above recycling methods, the authors look further forward to some of the cutting‐edge recycling technologies, such as direct repair and regeneration. In addition, the authors also discuss the prospects of selected recycling strategies for next‐generation LIBs such as solid‐state Li‐metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented in the last chapter.

26 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid LFP/graphite (LFPG) cathode was designed for a new type of dualion battery that can achieve co-participation in the storage of both anions and cations.
Abstract: Along with the explosive growth in the market of new energy electric vehicles, the demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has correspondingly expanded. Given the limited life of LIBs, numbers of spent LIBs are bound to be produced. Because of the severe threats and challenges of spent LIBs to the environment, resources, and global sustainable development, the recycling and reuse of spent LIBs have become urgent. Herein, we propose a novel green and efficient direct recycling method, which realizes the concurrent reuse of LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode and graphite anode from spent LFP batteries. By optimizing the proportion of LFP and graphite, a hybrid LFP/graphite (LFPG) cathode was designed for a new type of dualion battery (DIB) that can achieve co-participation in the storage of both anions and cations. The hybrid LFPG cathode combines the excellent stability of LFP and the high conductivity of graphite to exhibit an extraordinary electrochemical performance. The best compound, i.e., LFP:graphite = 3:1, with the highest reversible capacity (∼130 mA h g−1 at 25 mA g−1), high voltage platform of 4.95 V, and outstanding cycle performance, was achieved. The specific diffusion behavior of Li+ and PF6− in the hybrid cathode was studied using electrode kinetic tests, further clarifying the working mechanism of DIBs. This study provides a new strategy toward the large-scale recycling of positive and negative electrodes of spent LIBs and establishes a precedent for designing new hybrid cathode materials for DIBs with superior performance using spent LIBs.

26 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The development of new materials for Li-ion batteries is the focus of research in prominent groups in the field of materials science throughout the world. Li-ion batteries can be considered to be the most impressive success story of modern electrochemistry in the last two decades. They power most of today's portable devices, and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale for more demanding applications, such as EV. Since this field is advancing rapidly and attracting an increasing number of researchers, it is important to provide current and timely updates of this constantly changing technology. In this review, we describe the key aspects of Li-ion batteries: the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solutions, as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use, such as EV and load-leveling applications.

5,531 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Nov 2019-Nature
TL;DR: The current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use are outlined, areas for future progress are highlighted, and processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ions from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.
Abstract: Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress. Processes for dismantling and recycling lithium-ion battery packs from scrap electric vehicles are outlined.

1,333 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic overview of rechargeable battery sustainability, with a particular focus on electric vehicles, and a 4H strategy for battery recycling with the aims of high efficiency, high economic return, high environmental benefit, and high safety are proposed.
Abstract: Tremendous efforts are being made to develop electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for energy storage devices to meet the needs of emerging technologies such as electric vehicles, decarbonized electricity, and electrochemical energy storage. However, the sustainability concerns of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and next-generation rechargeable batteries have received little attention. Recycling plays an important role in the overall sustainability of future batteries and is affected by battery attributes including environmental hazards and the value of their constituent resources. Therefore, recycling should be considered when developing battery systems. Herein, we provide a systematic overview of rechargeable battery sustainability. With a particular focus on electric vehicles, we analyze the market competitiveness of batteries in terms of economy, environment, and policy. Considering the large volumes of batteries soon to be retired, we comprehensively evaluate battery utilization and recycling from the perspectives of economic feasibility, environmental impact, technology, and safety. Battery sustainability is discussed with respect to life-cycle assessment and analyzed from the perspectives of strategic resources and economic demand. Finally, we propose a 4H strategy for battery recycling with the aims of high efficiency, high economic return, high environmental benefit, and high safety. New challenges and future prospects for battery sustainability are also highlighted.

726 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review reviews existing and emerging binders, binding technology used in energy-storage devices, and state-of-the-art mechanical characterization and computational methods for binder research, and proposes prospective next-generation binders for energy- storage devices from the molecular level to the macro level.
Abstract: Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators of energy-storage devices to address the fundamental needs of emerging technologies such as electric vehicles, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. However, binders, as an important component of energy-storage devices, are yet to receive similar attention. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been the dominant binder in the battery industry for decades despite several well-recognized drawbacks, i.e., limited binding strength due to the lack of chemical bonds with electroactive materials, insufficient mechanical properties, and low electronic and lithium-ion conductivities. The limited binding function cannot meet inherent demands of emerging electrode materials with high capacities such as silicon anodes and sulfur cathodes. To address these concerns, in this review we divide the binding between active materials and binders into two major mechanisms: mechanical interlocking and interfacial b...

505 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used deep eutectic solvents to extract valuable metals from various chemistries, including lithium cobalt (iii) oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide.
Abstract: As the consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the transportation and consumer electronic sectors continues to grow, so does the pile of battery waste, with no successful recycling model, as exists for the lead–acid battery. Here, we exhibit a method to recycle LIBs using deep eutectic solvents to extract valuable metals from various chemistries, including lithium cobalt (iii) oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. For the metal extraction from lithium cobalt (iii) oxide, leaching efficiencies of ≥90% were obtained for both cobalt and lithium. It was also found that other battery components, such as aluminium foil and polyvinylidene fluoride binder, can be recovered separately. Deep eutectic solvents could provide a green alternative to conventional methods of LIB recycling and reclaiming strategically important metals, which remain crucial to meet the demand of the exponentially increasing LIB production. The ever-increasing applications for Li-ion batteries in markets call for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient recycling technologies. Here the authors report using a deep eutectic solvent to extract valuable components of Li-ion batteries.

335 citations