A novel use of signal processing tools for fault detection in IC engines
21 Jul 2013-pp 449-452
TL;DR: This work deals with an unconventional use of signal processing tools on Acoustic Emission from engine cylinder liner to identify or enhance the features associated with various faults commonly found in critical engine components.
Abstract: Condition Monitoring of Internal combustion engines is becoming more and more crucial as the engine designers try to achieve better fuel efficiency and/or more power while adhering to the stringent pollution control norms practiced today. Most of the condition monitoring practices follows a periodic maintenance model or in case of cheaper engines, none at all. Keeping in mind the importance of continuous monitoring of critical parts of engine like piston rings and cylinder liner there are a number of real time condition monitoring methods in practice. Our work deals with an unconventional use of signal processing tools on Acoustic Emission (AE) from engine cylinder liner to identify or enhance the features associated with various faults commonly found in critical engine components. Experimental data is obtained from a small petrol engine in which various fault conditions are recreated. Signals collected from the engine running with bad piston, worn out piston rings and under lubricant oil level were analyzed.
Citations
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01 Jun 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental test-rig was designed to allow seeded defects on the inner race, corrode and contaminated defect, and it was concluded that regardless of the rotational speed and high levels of background noise, simple acoustic emission parameters such as amplitude and AE counts provided an indication of bearing defect.
Abstract: Acoustic emission (AE) was originally developed for non-destructive testing of static structures, however, over the years its application has been extended to health monitoring of rotating machines and bearings. It offers the advantage of earlier defect detection in comparison to vibration analysis. Current methodologies of applying AE for bearing diagnosis are reviewed. The investigation reported in this paper was centered on the application of standard acoustic emissions (AE) characteristic parameters on a rotational speed. An experimental test-rig was designed to allow seeded defects on the inner race, corrode and contaminated defect. It is concluded that irrespective of the rotational speed and high levels of background noise, simple AE parameters such as amplitude and AE counts provided an indications of bearing defect. In addition to validating already established AE techniques, this investigation focuses on establishing an appropriate threshold level for AE counts.
27 citations
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TL;DR: Genetic algorithms and multi-criterial optimisation were identified as the most widely used methods for optimal sensor selection, although addressing the dimensionality and complexity of formulating the problem remains a challenge.
Abstract: This literature review considers the problem of finding a suitable configuration of sensors and actuators for the control of an internal combustion engine. It takes a look at the methods, algorithms, processes, metrics, applications, research groups and patents relevant for this topic. Several formal metric have been proposed, but practical use remains limited. Maximal information criteria are theoretically optimal for selecting sensors, but hard to apply to a system as complex and nonlinear as an engine. Thus, we reviewed methods applied to neighboring fields including nonlinear systems and non-minimal phase systems. Furthermore, the closed loop nature of control means that information is not the only consideration, and speed, stability and robustness have to be considered. The optimal use of sensor information also requires the use of models, observers, state estimators or virtual sensors, and practical acceptance of these remains limited. Simple control metrics such as conditioning number are popular, mostly because they need fewer assumptions than closed-loop metrics, which require a full plant, disturbance and goal model. Overall, no clear consensus can be found on the choice of metrics to define optimal control configurations, with physical measures, linear algebra metrics and modern control metrics all being used. Genetic algorithms and multi-criterial optimisation were identified as the most widely used methods for optimal sensor selection, although addressing the dimensionality and complexity of formulating the problem remains a challenge. This review does present a number of different successful approaches for specific applications domains, some of which may be applicable to diesel engines and other automotive applications. For a thorough treatment, non-linear dynamics and uncertainties need to be considered together, which requires sophisticated (non-Gaussian) stochastic models to establish the value of a control architecture.
4 citations
Cites methods from "A novel use of signal processing to..."
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TL;DR: In this paper , a spring mass system is adopted to control the motion(displacement) in desired axis, and the linearity of the suspension is increased by using a U-folded design.
Abstract: The goal of this project is to model and optimize mechanical components for a micro machinable accelerometer with a specific frequency range. According to a review of the literature, research in this area is mostly focused on enhancing microfabrication and allowing electronic circuitry to be modified. To overcome this problem, a spring mass system is adopted to control the motion(displacement) in desired axis. The linearity of the suspension is increased by using a U-folded design. The accelerometer's proof mass is constructed with a thickness five times that of other components. This arrangement gives advantage of selecting a convenient electronic circuitry and mounting of components required on proof mass. For the desired frequency, design parameters such as the breadth, depth, and length of the proof mass are computed analytically. The proof mass, beams and guiding support assembly for accelerometer is designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 Software, the design is further simulated to work under influence of 1g force using Ansys 2019 student version software and comparison of simulation results are done with analytical calculations.
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the difference of information between the approximation of a signal at the resolutions 2/sup j+1/ and 2 /sup j/ (where j is an integer) can be extracted by decomposing this signal on a wavelet orthonormal basis of L/sup 2/(R/sup n/), the vector space of measurable, square-integrable n-dimensional functions.
Abstract: Multiresolution representations are effective for analyzing the information content of images. The properties of the operator which approximates a signal at a given resolution were studied. It is shown that the difference of information between the approximation of a signal at the resolutions 2/sup j+1/ and 2/sup j/ (where j is an integer) can be extracted by decomposing this signal on a wavelet orthonormal basis of L/sup 2/(R/sup n/), the vector space of measurable, square-integrable n-dimensional functions. In L/sup 2/(R), a wavelet orthonormal basis is a family of functions which is built by dilating and translating a unique function psi (x). This decomposition defines an orthogonal multiresolution representation called a wavelet representation. It is computed with a pyramidal algorithm based on convolutions with quadrature mirror filters. Wavelet representation lies between the spatial and Fourier domains. For images, the wavelet representation differentiates several spatial orientations. The application of this representation to data compression in image coding, texture discrimination and fractal analysis is discussed. >
19,033 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a theory of short term spectral analysis, synthesis, and modification is presented with an attempt at pointing out certain practical and theoretical questions, which are useful in designing filter banks when the filter bank outputs are to be used for synthesis after multiplicative modifications are made to the spectrum.
Abstract: A theory of short term spectral analysis, synthesis, and modification is presented with an attempt at pointing out certain practical and theoretical questions. The methods discussed here are useful in designing filter banks when the filter bank outputs are to be used for synthesis after multiplicative modifications are made to the spectrum.
820 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the utility of advanced signal processing and pattern recognition was established to investigate the acoustic emissions (AE) of bearings, and two normalized and dimensionless features were extracted using short-time signal processing techniques.
Abstract: For automatic detection/diagnosis of localized defects in bearings, the utility of advanced signal processing and pattern recognition was established to investigate the acoustic emissions (AE) of bearings. Two normalized and dimensionless features are extracted using short-time signal processing techniques. Employing these two features, linear discriminant functions have been established to detect defects on the outer race and rollers of bearings. Based on the experimental data of seeded bearing defects, the technique is significantly superior to state-of-the-art techniques. AE is also found to be a better signal than vibrations when the transducers have to be remotely placed from the bearing. It takes 20 s for data processing and fault diagnosis on a PC-AT 386, 6 MHz on-line platform.
96 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a pin-and-disc wear machine was used to produce the W 2 white layer which is found on cast iron rings and liners from “scuffed” engines.
Abstract: A simple pin-and-disc wear machine has been used to produce the W 2 white layer which is found on cast iron rings and liners from “scuffed” ic engines The results indicate that scuffing of cast iron only occurs when a smear of oil is present; with copious oil or “dry” conditions other types of wear occur Scuffing is the continuous production and spalling of this W 2 phase and the consequent rate of wear is comparable with that of dry wear An X-ray analysis of the debris produced during scuffing shows that the ferrite in the cast iron reacts with carbon to give Fe 3 C; the oil is probably the source of this carbon It is concluded that scuffing will occur when the oil thickness between rings and liner is very thin and the maximum sliding speed is above a critical value Since the conditions when scuffing takes place are now reasonably well understood it should be possible to combat this form of wear
29 citations
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01 Jun 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental test-rig was designed to allow seeded defects on the inner race, corrode and contaminated defect, and it was concluded that regardless of the rotational speed and high levels of background noise, simple acoustic emission parameters such as amplitude and AE counts provided an indication of bearing defect.
Abstract: Acoustic emission (AE) was originally developed for non-destructive testing of static structures, however, over the years its application has been extended to health monitoring of rotating machines and bearings. It offers the advantage of earlier defect detection in comparison to vibration analysis. Current methodologies of applying AE for bearing diagnosis are reviewed. The investigation reported in this paper was centered on the application of standard acoustic emissions (AE) characteristic parameters on a rotational speed. An experimental test-rig was designed to allow seeded defects on the inner race, corrode and contaminated defect. It is concluded that irrespective of the rotational speed and high levels of background noise, simple AE parameters such as amplitude and AE counts provided an indications of bearing defect. In addition to validating already established AE techniques, this investigation focuses on establishing an appropriate threshold level for AE counts.
27 citations
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