A Parental Bonding Instrument
TL;DR: The Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (OCI) and Leyton Obsessionality Inventory (LOI) were used by as discussed by the authors to assess perceived levels of parental care and overprotection.
Abstract: The view that those with obsessive compulsive disorder or obsessional personality have been exposed to overcontrolling and overcritical parenting is examined. Two measures of obsessionality (the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and the Leyton Obsessionality Inventory) were completed by 344 nonclinical subjects. They also scored their parents on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), a measure assessing perceived levels of parental care and overprotection, before and after controlling for levels of state depression, trait anxiety and neuroticism in the analyses. Those scoring as more obsessional returned higher PBI protection scale scores. Links with PBI care scale scores were less clear, essentially restricted to the Maudsley Inventory, and variably influenced by controlling other variables.
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TL;DR: A systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to assess the relationship between child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect, and subsequent mental and physical health outcomes.
Abstract: Background: Child sexual abuse is considered a modifiable risk factor for mental disorders across the life course. However the long-term consequences of other forms of child maltreatment have not yet been systematically examined. The aim of this study was to summarise the evidence relating to the possible relationship between child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect, and subsequent mental and physical health outcomes. Methods and Findings: A systematic review was conducted using the Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO electronic databases up to 26 June 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that examined non-sexual child maltreatment as a risk factor for loss of health were included. All meta-analyses were based on quality-effects models. Out of 285 articles assessed for eligibility, 124 studies satisfied the pre-determined inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Statistically significant associations were observed between physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect and depressive disorders (physical abuse [odds ratio (OR)=1.54; 95% CI 1.16–2.04], emotional abuse [OR=3.06; 95% CI 2.43–3.85], and neglect [OR=2.11; 95% CI 1.61–2.77]); drug use (physical abuse [OR=1.92; 95% CI 1.67–2.20], emotional abuse [OR=1.41; 95% CI 1.11–1.79], and neglect [OR=1.36; 95% CI 1.21–1.54]); suicide attempts (physical abuse [OR=3.40; 95% CI 2.17–5.32], emotional abuse [OR=3.37; 95% CI 2.44–4.67], and neglect [OR=1.95; 95% CI 1.13–3.37]); and sexually transmitted infections and risky sexual behaviour (physical abuse [OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.50–2.10], emotional abuse [OR=1.75; 95% CI 1.49– 2.04], and neglect [OR=1.57; 95% CI 1.39–1.78]). Evidence for causality was assessed using Bradford Hill criteria. While suggestive evidence exists for a relationship between maltreatment and chronic diseases and lifestyle risk factors, more research is required to confirm these relationships. Conclusions: This overview of the evidence suggests a causal relationship between non-sexual child maltreatment and a range of mental disorders, drug use, suicide attempts, sexually transmitted infections, and risky sexual behaviour. All forms of child maltreatment should be considered important risks to health with a sizeable impact on major contributors to the burden of disease in all parts of the world. The awareness of the serious long-term consequences of child maltreatment should encourage better identification of those at risk and the development of effective interventions to protect children from violence. Please see later in the article for the Editors’ Summary.
2,209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the available evidence with respect to these predictive validity issues and concluded that although the predictive validity of the AAI is a replicated fact, there is only partial knowledge of how attachment representations are transmitted (the transmission gap).
Abstract: About a decade ago, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985) was developed to explore parents' mental representations of attachment as manifested in language during discourse of childhood experiences. The AAI was intended to predict the quality of the infant-parent attachment relationship, as observed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, and to predict parents' responsiveness to their infants' attachment signals. The current meta-analysis examined the available evidence with respect to these predictive validity issues. In regard to the 1st issue, the 18 available samples (N = 854) showed a combined effect size of 1.06 in the expected direction for the secure vs. insecure split. For a portion of the studies, the percentage of correspondence between parents' mental representation of attachment and infants' attachment security could be computed (the resulting percentage was 75%; kappa = .49, n = 661). Concerning the 2nd issue, the 10 samples (N = 389) that were retrieved showed a combined effect size of .72 in the expected direction. According to conventional criteria, the effect sizes are large. It was concluded that although the predictive validity of the AAI is a replicated fact, there is only partial knowledge of how attachment representations are transmitted (the transmission gap).
1,886 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a short form of the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) to measure social support in adults and found that perceived social support may be a reflection of early attachment experience.
Abstract: Two studies leading to the development of a short form of the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) are reported. In Study 1 three items selected for high correlations with the total score (SSQ3) were administered to 182 university students together with several personality measures. SSQ3 had acceptable test-retest reliability and correlations with personality variables similar to those of the SSQ. Internal reliability was marginal although acceptable for an instrument with so few items. Study 2 employed three sets of data in developing a six-item instrument (SSQ6). The SSQ6 had high internal reliability and correlated highly with the SSQ and similarly to it with personality variables. The research findings accompanying the development of the short form social support measure suggest that perceived social support in adults may be a reflection of early attachment experience.
1,877 citations
TL;DR: Parental support may protect adolescents from all four forms of bullying, and results indicate that cyber bullying is a distinct nature from that of traditional bullying.
1,758 citations
TL;DR: The evidence reviewed suggests that claims concerning the general unreliability of retrospective reports are exaggerated and that there is little reason to link psychiatric status with less reliable or less valid recall of early experiences.
Abstract: Three potential sources of error in retrospective reports of childhood experiences are documented: low reliability and validity of autobiographical memory in general, the presence of general memory impairment associated with psychopathology, and the presence of specific mood-congruent memory biases associated with psychopathology. The evidence reviewed suggests that claims concerning the general unreliability of retrospective reports are exaggerated and that there is little reason to link psychiatric status with less reliable or less valid recall of early experiences. Nevertheless, it is clear that steps must be taken to overcome the limitations of retrospective reports and enhance their reliability.
1,501 citations
References
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TL;DR: The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out and a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales have been developed.
Abstract: The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a number of authors. Pasamanick12in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations." Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales.4,15These have been well summarized in a review article by Lorr11on "Rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathology." In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific
35,176 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present Obsessions and Compulsions: Obsessions, compulsions, and compulsions in Behaviour Therapy: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 116-117.
Abstract: (1981). Obsessions and Compulsions. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 116-117.
1,067 citations
TL;DR: Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument), patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group.
Abstract: Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.
524 citations
TL;DR: The construction and development of an inventory of 69 questions dealing with the subjective assessment of obsessional traits and symptoms is described, and the resulting scores are shown to differentiate well between a group of selected obsessional patients and normals.
Abstract: The construction and development of an inventory of 69 questions dealing with the subjective assessment of obsessional traits and symptoms is described. A card-sorting procedure requiring supervision is used, which gives rise to information about feelings of resistance and interference with other activities, in addition to the straightforward answers to the questions. The resulting scores are shown to differentiate well between a group of selected obsessional patients and normals. The problem of to what extent replies to apparently specific questions in inventories and questionnaires can be interpreted as having only general significance is discussed.
446 citations