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Journal ArticleDOI

A PPAR-independent pathway to PUFA-induced COX-2 expression

11 Jun 2008-Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (Elsevier)-Vol. 287, Iss: 1, pp 65-71
TL;DR: The results demonstrate a pathway to the induction of COX-2 by PUFAs requiring NF-kappaB but not PPAR or PKC, and the PPAR-independent effect of PUFA was mimicked by the PKC activators 4beta-PMA and prostaglandin F(2alpha), but was not blocked by thePKC inhibitor RO318425.
About: This article is published in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.The article was published on 2008-06-11 and is currently open access. It has received 15 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: PPAR agonist & Reporter gene.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has been evaluated using a literature search conducted in PubMed to identify all relevant citations, highlighting the important role of NGF in the pathwayophysiology of Endometria.

135 citations


Cites background from "A PPAR-independent pathway to PUFA-..."

  • ...MG-132 (47, 69, 70) In vitro, EEC Y IL-6 and LIF In vitro, bovine ESC Y PTGS-2 and COX-2 Parthenolide (69) In vitro, bovine ESC Y PTGS-2 SN-50 (33, 47) In vitro, EEC Y IL-6 and LIF In vivo, nude mouse Y Ec lesion development Y ICAM-1 and [ apoptosis Curcumin (53, 54, 67, 168) In vitro, ESC and EcSC Y MIF In vivo, human Unknown, Y symptoms? Sulindac (55) In vitro, ESC Y RANTES Thalidomide (62) In vitro, EcSC Y IL-8 TPCK (59) In vitro, EcSC Y IL-8 GnRH-a (59) In vivo, human/in vitro, EcSC Y IL-8...

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  • ...The most accepted hypothesis on the origin of peritoneal endometriosis postulates that this disease originates from regurgitated menstrual endometrial cells (ECs) able to survive, adhere, invade, and proliferate in the peritoneal cavity (5–9)....

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  • ...In vitro studies in stimulated ECs and EcCs testing different NF-kB inhibitors—including MG132, parthenolide, SN-50, BAY 11-7085, curcumin, sulindac, thalidomide, N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), GnRH agonists, progesterone, progestational compounds, IKK-2 inhibitor, PPAR-g ligand (pioglitazone), IL-10, and NF-kB decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs)—have shown a reduction in proinflammatory, growth, and invasion mediators COX-2, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), MIF, RANTES, IL-8, MCP-1, GM-CSF, ICAM-1, and MMP-9, have reduced cell proliferation, monocyte chemotactic activity, and cell invasion, and have increased apoptosis as a result of decreased NF-kB activation (33, 47, 53–55, 59, 62–64, 67–70, 87, 88, 159, 160)....

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  • ...Further studies are needed to understand the complex genomic and nongenomic interactions between estrogen and progesterone, their receptors, NF-kB, and other pathways in ECs and EcCs....

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  • ...In vitro studies have revealed constitutive and inducible activation of NF-kB in ECs....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current understanding of the effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs on autoimmune diseases is summarized.
Abstract: The recognition of ω-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) as essential fatty acids to normal growth and health was realized more than 80 years ago. However, the awareness of the long-term nutritional intake of ω-3 PUFAs in lowering the risk of a variety of chronic human diseases has grown exponentially only since the 1980s (1, 2). Despite the overwhelming epidemiological evidence, many attempts of using fish-oil supplementation to intervene human diseases have generated conflicting and often ambiguous outcomes; null or weak supporting conclusions were sometimes derived in the subsequent META analysis. Different dosages, as well as the sources of fish-oil, may have contributed to the conflicting outcomes of intervention carried out at different clinics. However, over the past decade, mounting evidence generated from genetic mouse models and clinical studies has shed new light on the functions and the underlying mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolites in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of the effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs on autoimmune diseases.

99 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature and mechanisms of fatty acid-mediated regulation of CREBh, a recently identified transcription factor that appears to be required for hepatic synthesis of C-reactive protein, are examined, establishing a potential molecular link between fatty acids and inflammation.
Abstract: Excess fatty acids are closely associated with metabolic dysfunction. The deleterious effects of fatty acids relate, in part, to their ability to up-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and propagate a state of systemic inflammation. CREBh is a recently identified transcription factor that appears to be required for hepatic synthesis of C-reactive protein. Recent data suggest that fatty acids can up-regulate CREBh, thus establishing a potential molecular link between fatty acids and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine the nature and mechanisms of fatty acid-mediated regulation of CREBh. H4IIE liver cells were incubated in the absence or presence of varying concentrations (50-500 μM) of albumin-bound, long-chain saturated (palmitate, stearate) or unsaturated (oleate, linoleate) fatty acids (1-16 h). All fatty acids significantly increased CREBh gene expression via transcriptional mechanisms, at concentrations as low as 50 μM. Palmitate- or oleate-mediated up-regulation of CREBh was not inhibited by triacsin C, an inhibitor of long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase, or by the PPARα antagonist, MK886. Inhibition of proteasome activity with MG132 or lactacystin, or inclusion of insulin reduced palmitate- and oleate-mediated increases in CREBh mRNA. Finally, we examined fatty acid regulation of CREBh in vivo. Male Wistar rats were exposed to a 4-h pancreatic clamp combined with infusion of saline or a mixed lipid emulsion. CREBh mRNA and protein were significantly increased in rats exposed to the lipid infusion compared to the saline group. Collectively, these results may have important implications for metabolic diseases characterized by excess fatty acids, insulin resistance, and inflammation.

37 citations


Cites background from "A PPAR-independent pathway to PUFA-..."

  • ...Recent data suggest that the proteasome inhibitor MG132 prevents fatty acid induction of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in endometrial stromal cells [23]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study demonstrated the cross talk between downstream signaling of CLA and important hormone regulators of endocrine system, i.e. FSH and IGF1, on buffalo granulosa cell function (proliferation and steroidogenesis) and found that CLA intervenes the IGF1 signaling by decreasing p-Akt.
Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has drawn much interest in last two decades in the area ranging from anticancer activity to obesity. A number of research papers have been published recently with regard to CLA's additional biological functions as reproductive benefits. However, not much is known how this mixture of isomeric compounds mediates its beneficial effects particularly on fertility. In this study, we demonstrated the cross talk between downstream signaling of CLA and important hormone regulators of endocrine system, i.e. FSH and IGF1, on buffalo granulosa cell function (proliferation and steroidogenesis). Experiments were performed in primary serum-free buffalo granulosa cell culture, where cells were incubated with CLA in combination with FSH (25 ng/ml) and IGF1 (50 ng/ml). Results showed that 10 μM CLA inhibits FSH- and IGF1-induced granulosa cell proliferation; aromatase, GATA4, and IGF1 mRNA; and estradiol-17β production. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed that CLA intervenes the IGF1 signaling by decreasing p-Akt. In addition, CLA was found to upregulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) level in granulosa cells. Further study using PPARG- and PTEN-specific inhibitors supports the potential role of CLA in granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis involving PPARG, PTEN, and PI3K/Akt pathway.

30 citations


Cites background from "A PPAR-independent pathway to PUFA-..."

  • ...However, PPARG-independent effects also cannot be denied completely as PUFAs are known to take PPAR-independent pathways (Derecka et al. 2008) and also PPARG inhibitor (GW9662) inhibited the cell growth of human tumor mammary cell line, which supports the existence of PPARG-independent pathways…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
25 May 2012-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Angiotensin II induced Cox-2 gene expression by activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in endometrial stromal cells of non-pregnant but not of early-p Regnant rats, which might be related to differential roles that COX-2 plays in the endometrium.
Abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, plays a role in the process of uterine decidualization and blastocyst attachment. On the other hand, overexpression of COX-2 is involved in the proliferation of the endometrial tissue during endometriosis. Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-system plays a role in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and pre-eclampsia. Angiotensin II increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration by targeting phospholypase C-gamma in endometrial stromal cells (ESC). A key element of the cellular response to Ca2+ signals is the activity of the Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Our first aim was to study whether angiotensin II stimulated Cox-2 gene expression in rat ESC and to analyze whether calcineurin activity was involved. In cells isolated from non-pregnant uteri, COX-2 expression -both mRNA and protein- was induced by co-stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore (PIo), as well as by angiotensin II. Pretreatment with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A inhibited this induction. We further analyzed the role of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in the induction of Cox-2 gene expression in non-pregnant rat ESC. Cyclosporin A abolished NFATc1 dephosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus. Cyclosporin A also inhibited the transcriptional activity driven by the Cox-2 promoter. Exogenous expression of the peptide VIVIT -specific inhibitor of calcineurin/NFAT binding- blocked the activation of Cox-2 promoter and the up-regulation of COX-2 protein in these cells. Finally we analyzed Cox-2 gene expression in ESC of early-pregnant rats. COX-2 expression -both mRNA and protein- was induced by stimulation with PIo as well as by angiotensin II. This induction appears to be calcineurin independent, since it was not abrogated by cyclosporin A. In conclusion, angiotensin II induced Cox-2 gene expression by activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in endometrial stromal cells of non-pregnant but not of early-pregnant rats. These results might be related to differential roles that COX-2 plays in the endometrium.

22 citations


Cites background from "A PPAR-independent pathway to PUFA-..."

  • ...It has been found previously that PKC activators, such as PMA, induced COX-2 expression in ESC [57]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of flufenamic acid and some other NSAIDs are due to their inhibitory action on the mitogen-induced expression of COX-2 and downstream markers of inflammation in addition to their inhibitsory effect on COX enzyme activity.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition impairs ligand-activated PPARα transcriptional activity and PKC inhibition enhances PPAR α transrepression properties as demonstrated using the fibrinogen-β gene as model system.
Abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha is a nuclear receptor implicated in several physiological processes such as lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and the inflammatory response. PPARalpha is activated by natural fatty acids and synthetic compounds like fibrates. PPARalpha activity has been shown to be modulated by its phosphorylation status. PPARalpha is phosphorylated by kinases such as the MAPKs and cAMP-activated protein kinase A. In this report, we show that protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition impairs ligand-activated PPARalpha transcriptional activity. Furthermore, PKC inhibition decreases PPARalpha ligand-induction of its target genes including PPARalpha itself and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. By contrast, PKC inhibition enhances PPARalpha transrepression properties as demonstrated using the fibrinogen-beta gene as model system. Finally, PKC inhibition decreases PPARalpha phosphorylation activity of hepatocyte cell extracts. In addition, PPARalpha purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by recombinant PKCalpha and betaII. The replacement of serines 179 and 230 by alanine residues reduces the phosphorylation of the PPARalpha protein. The PPARalpha S179A-S230A protein displays an impaired ligand-induced transactivation activity and an enhanced trans-repression activity. Altogether, our data indicate that the PKC signaling pathway acts as a molecular switch dissociating the transactivation and transrepression functions of PPARalpha, which involved phosphorylation of serines 179 and 230.

92 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Measurement of the numbers of phorbol-ester-binding sites remaining in each cell line when protein kinase C was maximally down-regulated indicated that in MDBK and Swiss 3T3 cells loss ofphorbol -ester- binding sites paralleled loss of protein kinases C, whereas in V79 and C6 cells no such correlation was observed.
Abstract: Down-regulation of protein kinase C induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) was examined in Swiss 3T3, V79, MDBK and C6 cells by Western blotting. Variations in the rate of down-regulation caused by treatment with 100 nM-TPA were observed; TPA treatment for 5 h caused maximal down-regulation in V79 cells, whereas TPA treatment for 10 h or 30 h was needed for maximal down-regulation of protein kinase C in MDBK or Swiss 3T3 cells respectively. The decrease in amount of immunologically detectable protein kinase C was 30% in MDBK cells and 100% in V79 and Swiss 3T3 cells. MDBK and C6 cells could be completely depleted of protein kinase C by treatment with 250 nM-TPA. In C6 cells, after treatment with 500 nM-TPA, an 80% loss of protein kinase C was seen over 10 h. Measurement of the numbers of phorbol-ester-binding sites remaining in each cell line when protein kinase C was maximally down-regulated indicated that in MDBK and Swiss 3T3 cells loss of phorbol-ester-binding sites paralleled loss of protein kinase C, whereas in V79 and C6 cells no such correlation was observed.

89 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that feverfew contains a complex mixture of sesquiterpene lactone and non-sesquiter pene lactones inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis of high potency, and that these biochemical actions may be relevant to the claimed therapeutic actions of the herb.

85 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained in this and previous studies are consistent with the activation of PLA2, which results in the release of arachidonic acid and the formation of leukotrienes, which stimulate steroidogenesis in the Leydig cell.

71 citations

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