A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm
01 Mar 1985-IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (IEEE Trans Biomed Eng)-Vol. 32, Iss: 3, pp 230-236
TL;DR: A real-time algorithm that reliably recognizes QRS complexes based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width of ECG signals and automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS morphology and heart rate.
Abstract: We have developed a real-time algorithm for detection of the QRS complexes of ECG signals. It reliably recognizes QRS complexes based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width. A special digital bandpass filter reduces false detections caused by the various types of interference present in ECG signals. This filtering permits use of low thresholds, thereby increasing detection sensitivity. The algorithm automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS morphology and heart rate. For the standard 24 h MIT/BIH arrhythmia database, this algorithm correctly detects 99.3 percent of the QRS complexes.
Citations
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TL;DR: The proposed methodology for the automated development of fuzzy expert systems is tested by applying it to problems related to cardiovascular diseases, such as automated arrhythmic beat Classification and automated ischemic beat classification, proving the scientific added value of the proposed framework.
Abstract: A methodology for the automated development of fuzzy expert systems is presented. The idea is to start with a crisp model described by crisp rules and then transform them into a set of fuzzy rules, thus creating a fuzzy model. The adjustment of the model's parameters is performed via a stochastic global optimization procedure. The proposed methodology is tested by applying it to problems related to cardiovascular diseases, such as automated arrhythmic beat classification and automated ischemic beat classification, which, besides being well-known benchmarks, are of particular interest due to their obvious medical diagnostic importance. For both problems, the initial set of rules was determined by expert cardiologists, and the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and the European ST-T database are used for optimizing the fuzzy model's parameters and evaluating the fuzzy expert system. In both cases, the results indicate an escalation of the performance from the simple initial crisp model to the more sophisticated fuzzy models, proving the scientific added value of the proposed framework. Also, the ability to interpret the decisions of the created fuzzy expert systems is a major advantage compared to "black box" approaches, such as neural networks and other techniques.
84 citations
Cites methods from "A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm..."
...Initially, the RR-interval signal was extracted from the ECG recordings using QRS detection [43], [44], except in the case of VF episodes in record 207, where the actual beats from the annotation of the database were used....
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TL;DR: A novel method for detection and localization of myocardial infarction (MI) from the reduced MECG tensor, employing the mode-n singular values (MSVs) and the normalized multiscale wavelet energy (NMWE) of each subband tensor to be accurate in detecting and localizing MI.
84 citations
TL;DR: The proposed method consists of three stages: sorting and thresholding of the squared double difference signal of the ECG data to locate the pproximate Q RS regions, relative magnitude comparison in the QRS regions to detect the approximate R-peaks and RR interval processing to ensure accurate detection of peaks.
84 citations
TL;DR: An all‐in‐one, wireless, stretchable hybrid electronics with key capabilities for real‐time physiological monitoring, automatic detection of signal abnormality via deep‐learning, and a long‐range wireless connectivity is introduced.
Abstract: Commercially available health monitors rely on rigid electronic housing coupled with aggressive adhesives and conductive gels, causing discomfort and inducing skin damage. Also, research-level skin-wearable devices, while excelling in some aspects, fall short as concept-only presentations due to the fundamental challenges of active wireless communication and integration as a single device platform. Here, an all-in-one, wireless, stretchable hybrid electronics with key capabilities for real-time physiological monitoring, automatic detection of signal abnormality via deep-learning, and a long-range wireless connectivity (up to 15 m) is introduced. The strategic integration of thin-film electronic layers with hyperelastic elastomers allows the overall device to adhere and deform naturally with the human body while maintaining the functionalities of the on-board electronics. The stretchable electrodes with optimized structures for intimate skin contact are capable of generating clinical-grade electrocardiograms and accurate analysis of heart and respiratory rates while the motion sensor assesses physical activities. Implementation of convolutional neural networks for real-time physiological classifications demonstrates the feasibility of multifaceted analysis with a high clinical relevance. Finally, in vivo demonstrations with animals and human subjects in various scenarios reveal the versatility of the device as both a health monitor and a viable research tool.
84 citations
22 Oct 2007
TL;DR: An integrated wireless CDMA-based ubiquitous healthcare monitoring system for disease and chronic management and better patient care in the hospital, home or travel environments with extended standalone simple electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis algorithm at cell phone.
Abstract: This paper describes the integrated wireless CDMA-based ubiquitous healthcare monitoring system for disease and chronic management and better patient care in the hospital, home or travel environments with extended standalone simple electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis algorithm at cell phone. This system utilizes a wireless dongles prototype as the intermediary devices to remotely monitor the physiological signs of patient's from a tiny wireless sensor to transmit directly to medical center monitoring/PDA wirelessly within 802.15.4 wireless LAN or using cell phone to relay the medical data through CDMA network when outside the coverage LAN. The external standalone ECG diagnosis was implemented to enable continuous monitoring and evaluation of the ECG signal locally before any medical data could be sent to the medical center.
84 citations
References
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TL;DR: This review asserts that most one-channel QRS detectors described in the literature can be considered as having the same basic structure and a discussion of some of the current detection schemes is presented.
Abstract: The QRS detection algorithm is an essential part of any computer-based system for the analysis of ambulatory ECG recordings. This review asserts that most one-channel QRS detectors described in the literature can be considered as having the same basic structure. A discussion of some of the current detection schemes is presented with regard to this structure. Some additional features of QRS detectors are mentioned. The evaluation of performance and the problem of multichannel detection, which is now gaining importance, are also briefly treated.
254 citations
TL;DR: The problem of detecting the QRS complex in the presence of noise was analysed and an optimised threshold criterion based on FP/FN was developed.
Abstract: The problem of detecting the QRS complex in the presence of noise was analysed. Most QRS detectors contain a filter to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and compare the signal with a threshold. In an earlier paper we identified an optimal filter. Various techniques to generate threshold and detector designs were studied. Automatic gain-control circuits with a fixed threshold have a very slow response to different rhythms. Automatic threshold circuits based on simple peak-detection schemes have a fast response, but are very sensitive to sudden variations in QRS amplitudes and noise transients. None of the methods described to date present any optimisation criteria for detecting the signal (QRS complex) in the presence of noise. The probabilities of FPs (false positives) and FNs (false negatives) were investigated and an optimised threshold criterion based on FP/FN was developed. Presently, data are being collected to compare various techniques from their ROC (receiver operating characteristics).
151 citations
TL;DR: An automated Holtes scanning system based on two microcomputers that detects QRS complexes and measures the QRS durations using computations of first and second derivatives, and can process Holter tapes at 60 times real time and produce printed summaries and 24 h trend plots.
Abstract: We have developed an automated Holtes scanning system based on two microcomputers. One is a preprocessor that detects QRS complexes and measures the QRS durations using computations of first and second derivatives. Thismicrocomputer interfaces to a secondmicro-computer that does arrhythmia analysis, logging, and reporting using R-R intervals and QRS durations. This system can process Holter tapes at 60 times real time and produce printed summaries and 24 h trend plots of several variables including heart rate and PVC count.
127 citations
"A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm..." refers methods in this paper
...The slope of the R wave is a popular signal feature used to locate the QRS complex in many QRS detectors [5]....
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TL;DR: The possibilities for extending the class of lowpass recursive digital filters to include high pass, bandpass, and bandstop filters are described, and experience with a PDP 11 computer has shown that these filters may be programmed simply using machine code, and that online operation at sampling rates up to about 8 kHz is possible.
Abstract: After reviewing the design of a class of lowpass recursive digital filters having integer multiplier and linear phase characteristics, the possibilities for extending the class to include high pass, bandpass, and bandstop (‘notch’) filters are described. Experience with a PDP 11 computer has shown that these filters may be programmed simply using machine code, and that online operation at sampling rates up to about 8 kHz is possible. The practical application of such filters is illustrated by using a notch desgin to remove mains-frequency interference from an e.c.g. waveform.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper a new robust single lead QRS-detection algorithm is presented, allowing real-time applications and results are presented.
101 citations