scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal Article•DOI•

A reflective journal as learning process and contribution to quality and validity in interpretative phenomenological analysis

Sarah Vicary1, Alys Young1, Stephen Hicks1•
University of Manchester1
01 Jul 2017-Qualitative Social Work (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 16, Iss: 4, pp 1473325016635244
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between journaling as a learning process when undertaking computer-assisted qualitative data analysis and establishing quality and validity in interpretative phenomenological analysis, and argued that these constructs are intimately linked to the researcher-learning-process.
Abstract: Using selected, contemporaneous illustrations from the reflective journal of a doctoral student undertaking data analysis for the first time, this article examines the relationship between journaling as a learning process when undertaking computer-assisted qualitative data analysis and establishing quality and validity in interpretative phenomenological analysis. The writing of the journal is shown both to enact some potential validity criteria (e.g. in producing an audit trail) whilst also recording and reflectively prompting the process of learning, interpretation and bracketing, thus evidencing transparency. By using a journal inside the software package and alongside the stages of the interpretative phenomenological analysis, analysis within the software package, it is argued that quality and validity become dynamic, not static constructs. These constructs are intimately linked to the researcher-learning-process and permit a critical stance to be taken.

Summary (1 min read)

Jump to: [Introduction] – [The learning process] and [Conclusion]

Introduction

  • It examines the activity of journaling, (i.e. the use of a reflective researcher-created regular written log) as a learning process when undertaking data analysis.
  • The use of a software package instead can enable and in turn, be judged against, as being of quality and valid.

The learning process

  • The doctoral study from which the data are being analysed concerns the exploration of the role and experience of Approved Mental Health Professionals , a statutory role in which various approved non-medical professionals assess people for admission to mental health hospital in England and Wales.
  • At this stage in the process the student was beginning to use the journal to reflect upon the reading she was doing in relation to the use of the software package to manage the analysis.
  • In IPA the analyst is offering an interpretative account of what it means for the participant to have such concerns in a particular context 18/11/2014 10:06 what it means for the person in this particular situation (Larkin et al.
  • This, as it turns out, did not matter as she was becoming more aware that her use of the journal was allowing her to reflect upon the learning and in turn she could use journals linked to each source as a way of not just analysing each source but of adding layers.

Conclusion

  • This article discusses the relationship between such use and the process of data analysis when they are both housed inside a software package.
  • The journal that began about the process became within the process.
  • Using a journal inside the same software package housing the data is dynamic, simultaneously enabling the process of moving from description to interpretation and the development of the hermeneutic and later double hermeneutic, essential to IPA, and the assurance of its quality and validity.
  • The testimony upon which their argument is based relies on the experience of one student.
  • The student has also realised that analysis is an ongoing process.

Did you find this useful? Give us your feedback

Figures (4)

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Open Research Online
The Open University’s repository of research publications
and other research outputs
A reflective journal as learning process and
contribution to quality and validity in interpretative
phenomenological analysis
Journal Item
How to cite:
Vicary, Sarah; Young, Alys and Hicks, Stephen (2017). A reflective journal as learning process and contribution to
quality and validity in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Social Work, 16(4) pp. 550–565.
For guidance on citations see FAQs.
c
2016 The Authors
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Version: Accepted Manuscript
Link(s) to article on publisher’s website:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1177/1473325016635244
Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright
owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies
page.
oro.open.ac.uk
Open Research Online
The Open University’s repository of research publications
and other research outputs
A reflective journal as learning process and
contribution to quality and validity in interpretative
phenomenological analysis
Journal Article
How to cite:
Vicary, Sarah; Young, Alys and Hicks, Stephen (2016). A reflective journal as learning process and
contribution to quality and validity in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Social Work
(early access).
For guidance on citations see FAQs.
c
2016 The Authors
Version: Accepted Manuscript
Link(s) to article on publisher’s website:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1177/1473325016635244
Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other
copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please
consult the policies page.
oro.open.ac.uk
!
!
!
"!
A"reflective"journal"as"learning"process"and"contribution"to"quality"and"
validity"in"Interpretative"Phenomenological"A na lysis""
#$%$&!'()$%*+!,-*.!/0123!$24!#567&62!8()9.!
Abstract"
:.(23!.6-6)564+!)0256;70%$2601.!(--1.5%$5(02.!<%0;!5&6!%6<-6)5(=6!>01%2$-!0<!$!40)50%$-!
.514625!1246%5$9(23!4$5$!$2$-*.(.!<0%!5&6!<(%.5!5(;6+!5&(.!$%5()-6!6?$;(26.!5&6!
%6-$5(02.&(7!@65A662!>01%2$-(23!$.!$!-6$%2(23!7%0)6..!A&62!1246%5$9(23!)0;7156%!
$..(.564!B1$-(5$5(=6!4$5$!$2$-*.(.!$24!6.5$@-(.&(23!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*!(2!C256%7%65$5(=6!
D&620;620-03()$-!,2$-*.(.!ECD,FG!H&6!A%(5(23!0<!5&6!>01%2$-!(.!.&0A2!@05&!50!62$)5!
.0;6!705625($-!=$-(4(5*!)%(56%($!E6G3G!(2!7%041)(23!$2!$14(5!5%$(-F!A&(-.5!$-.0!%6)0%4(23!
$24!%6<-6)5(=6-*!7%0;75(23!5&6!7%0)6..!0<!-6$%2(23+!(256%7%65$5(02!$24!@%$)965(23+!5&1.!
6=(462)(23!5%$2.7$%62)*G!I*!1.(23!$!>01%2$-!inside&5&6!.0<5A$%6!7$)9$36!$24!$-023.(46!
5&6!.5$36.!0<!5&6!CD,+!$2$-*.(.!A(5&(2!5&6!.0<5A$%6!7$)9$36+!(5!(.!$%3164!5&$5!B1$-(5*!$24!
=$-(4(5*!@6)0;6!4*2$;()+!205!.5$5()!)02.5%1)5.G!H&6.6!)02.5%1)5.!$%6!(25(;$56-*!-(2964!
50!5&6!%6.6$%)&6%J-6$%2(23J7%0)6..!$24!76%;(5!$!)%(5()$-!.5$2)6!50!@6!5$962G!
This"is"an"Author"Accepted"Version"of"a"manuscript"published"in"Qualitative)Social)
Work"(2016)."Copyright"Sage."
!
!
!
K!
Keywords"
L6$%2(23!7%0)6..+!%6<-6)5(=6!>01%2$-+!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*+!)0;7156%!$..(.564!B1$-(5$5(=6!
4$5$!$2$-*.(.+!(256%7%65$5(=6!7&620;620-03()$-!$2$-*.(.!ECD,F!
!
Introduction"
C256%7%65$5(=6!D&620;620-03()$-!,2$-*.(.!ECD,F+!$.!$!B1$-(5$5(=6!%6.6$%)&!$77%0$)&!
(2(5($564!$24!46=6-0764!7%(;$%(-*!(2!5&6!<(6-4!0<!&6$-5&!7.*)&0-03*!E#;(5&+!"MMNO!#;(5&!
65!$-G+!KPPMF+!&$.!$55%$)564!.(32(<()$25!46@$56!$@015!A&$5!;(3&5!)02.5(5156!B1$-(5*!$24!
=$-(4(5*!A(5&(2!(5.!;65&040-03()$-!<%$;6A0%9!EQ&$;@6%-$(2+!KP""O!#&$A+!KP""O!#;(5&!
KP""$O!#;(5&!KP""@O!H040%0=$+!KP""FG!C256%6.5!(2!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*!&$.!)625%64!02!$--!
.5$36.!(2!5&6!%6.6$%)&!7%0)6..O!.$;7-6!(4625(<()$5(02+!4$5$!)0--6)5(02+!4$5$!$2$-*.(.!
E(256%7%65$5(02F!$24!%67%6.625$5(02!(2!7%(25!EI%0)9(!65!$-G+!KPPNO!R66!KP""O!L$%9(2!65!$-G!
KPPNFG!,5!(..16!(.!A&65&6%!$24!&0A!)%(56%($!;(3&5!@6!46=6-0764!7$%5()1-$%!50!CD,!0%!
A&65&6%!5&6!46@$56.!5&$5!4(.)1..!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*!%6;$(2!5&6!.$;6!$.!<0%!$--!
B1$-(5$5(=6!%6.6$%)&!;65&040-03(6.!ER1@$!$24!L(2)0-2+!KPPSO!L(2)0-2!$24!R1@$!"MTSO!
#6$-6!$24!#(-=6%;$2!"MMUO!V0@.02+!KPPKO!V0-<6!KPPNFG!H&(.!$%5()-6!<0)1..6.!02!&0A!$!
.514625!5$)9-64!5&6!(..16!0<!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*!(2!CD,!4$5$!$2$-*.(.!A&(-6!)$%%*(23!015!
$2!CD,!7%0>6)5!<0%!5&6!<(%.5!5(;6!$.!7$%5!0<!$!D&WG!C5!6?$;(26.!5&6!$)5(=(5*!0<!>01%2$-(23+!
!
!
!
X!
E(G6G!5&6!1.6!0<!$!%6<-6)5(=6!%6.6$%)&6%J)%6$564!%631-$%!A%(5562!-03F!$.!$!-6$%2(23!7%0)6..!
A&62!1246%5$9(23!4$5$!$2$-*.(.G!!#76)(<()$--*!@*!1.(23!$!>01%2$-!inside&$!4$5$!
;$2$36;625!)0;7156%!.0<5A$%6!7$)9$36!E(2!5&(.!)$.6!Y#V!Z=(=0!"PF!$24!$-023.(46!5&6!
.5$36.!0<!5&6!CD,!$2$-*.(.+!$-.0!A(5&(2!5&6!.0<5A$%6!7$)9$36+!A6!$%316!5&$5!B1$-(5*!$24!
=$-(4(5*!@6)0;6!4*2$;()+!205!.5$5()+!)02.5%1)5.!(25(;$56-*!-(2964!50!5&6!%6.6$%)&6%J
-6$%2(23J7%0)6..G!![6!6?$;(26!5&6!6?5625!50!A&()&!>01%2$-(23!62$)5.!)%(56%($!@*!A&()&!
\B1$-(5*]!;(3&5!@6!46<(264!$24!%6)032(.64G![6!.&0A!&0A!(5.!7%0)6..!$.!.514625!
-6$%2(23!500-!;6.&6.!A(5&!5&6!401@-6!&6%;62615()+!6..625($-!50!5&6!CD,!$77%0$)&+!
A&(-.5!&0-4(23!(5!17!50!)%(5()$-!6?$;(2$5(02G!^?)6%75.!<%0;!5&6!%6.6$%)&6%].!>01%2$-!
7%6.62564!(2!(5$-().!$%6!1.64!5&%013&015!50!(--1.5%$56G!
!
Quality"and"validity"in"data"analysis"
Z1;6%01.!$15&0%.!$556;75!50!7%041)6!)%(56%($!<0%!$..6..(23!5&6!B1$-(5*!$24!=$-(4(5*!0<!
B1$-(5$5(=6!%6.6$%)&!@05&!3626%()$--*!E8$;;6%.-6*+!KPPTF!$24!$)%0..!$!%$236!0<!
4(.)(7-(26.!.1)&!$.!.0)($-!A0%9!EI$%1.)&!65!$-G!KPP"F+!21%.(23!EV0-<6+!KPPNF!$24!
7.*)&0-03*!E/$%4-6*+!KPPPFG!8$;;6%.-6*].!7%_)(.!46<(26.!$!)025%$.5(23!.76)5%1;O!$5!
5&6!026!624!$!<(2(56!.65!0<!0@.6%=$@-6!$24!12(=6%.$-!(24()$50%.!$24!$5!5&6!05&6%!$!-(.5!0<!
)02.(46%$5(02.!$3%664!(2!-0)$-!)(%)1;.5$2)6.G!8$;;6%.-6*].!0A2!7%6<6%62)6!<0%!
Citations
More filters
Financial Sustainability Strategies of Religious Nonprofit Organizations

[...]

Erica Illauna Allen
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a case study of three leaders of religious non-profit organizations in Middle Tennessee with successful experience in applying funding strategies that increased revenue year-overyear while serving their constituency.
Abstract: Financial Sustainability Strategies of Religious Nonprofit Organizations by Erica Allen MBA, Belhaven University, 2004 BS, Tennessee State University, 1996 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University March 2020 Abstract The percent of religious nonprofit organizations (RNOs) facing uncertainty in operational capital and resources will rise as government funding diminishes. The RNOs that struggle to maintain a competitive advantage are at high risk of failure. Grounded in the resourcebased view theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore funding strategies leaders of RNOs use to achieve financial sustainability beyond the first 5 years of operation. Participants were 3 leaders of RNOs in Middle Tennessee with successful experience in applying funding strategies that increased revenue year-overyear while serving their constituencies. Data sources included face-to-face interviews and organizational documents. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: prioritizing core donors as primary parts of business strategy, fostering community within the organization, and collaborating with other RNOs to expand services. The implications for positive social change include the potential for leaders of RNOs to cultivate a stable donor base, increase funding capital, and support the economic and social development of the regional communities.The percent of religious nonprofit organizations (RNOs) facing uncertainty in operational capital and resources will rise as government funding diminishes. The RNOs that struggle to maintain a competitive advantage are at high risk of failure. Grounded in the resourcebased view theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore funding strategies leaders of RNOs use to achieve financial sustainability beyond the first 5 years of operation. Participants were 3 leaders of RNOs in Middle Tennessee with successful experience in applying funding strategies that increased revenue year-overyear while serving their constituencies. Data sources included face-to-face interviews and organizational documents. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: prioritizing core donors as primary parts of business strategy, fostering community within the organization, and collaborating with other RNOs to expand services. The implications for positive social change include the potential for leaders of RNOs to cultivate a stable donor base, increase funding capital, and support the economic and social development of the regional communities. Financial Sustainability Strategies of Religious Nonprofit Organizations by Erica Allen MBA, Belhaven University, 2004 BS, Tennessee State University, 1996 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University March 2020 Dedication I dedicate this doctoral study in loving memory of my maternal grandparents, Joe Lee and Mattie Lee Henderson. Your unwavering love, support, and willingness to share your personal journeys have guided, motivated, and propelled me to leap and do the unimaginable. I also dedicate this work to my entire tribe and cloud of witnesses! To my parents, with a special acknowledgment of my mother, Mrs. Aubretta Bean, your prayers and inquiries as to the timeline of my completion have kept me encouraged and motivated. To my siblings; my friends; my ministry colleagues; my coworkers, past and present; and my relatives who are yet sleeping in Heaven, I say thank you! To my loving husband and two beautiful children, Edward, Jerin, and Emani: You never made me feel guilty for pursuing my dreams and always supported me in my academic endeavors. For that I am eternally grateful and ready to show my appreciation! I love you all sincerely! Acknowledgments “The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, and the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding” (Proverbs 9:10, New International Version). I bestow thanks and acknowledgment to my Lord for He surely directed my path and kept me in perfect peace, humility, and hunger for growth. Acknowledgments to Dr. Doug Keevers, Dr. Tim Truitt, Dr. Jorge Gaytan, and the faculty at Walden University for supporting, encouraging, and guiding me throughout the doctoral journey.

9 citations

Cites background from "A reflective journal as learning pr..."

  • ...Notetaking and reflective journaling according to Vicary et al. (2016), aides the researcher with recalling important points and general analysis of transcripts....

    [...]

Strategies to Access Business Loans for Small and Medium Enterprises in Jordan

[...]

Saleh Ahmed
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: Ahmed et al. as mentioned in this paper presented strategies to access business loans for small and medium enterprises in Jordan by Saleh Ahmed MA, Webster University, 2005 MA, SUNY Webster University and 2010 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration.
Abstract: Strategies to Access Business Loans for Small and Medium Enterprises in Jordan by Saleh Ahmed MA, Webster University, 2005 MA, Webster University, 2010 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University December 2019

8 citations

The Lived Experiences of Men Attracted to Minors and Their Therapy-Seeking Behaviors

[...]

Heather Cacciatori
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Cacciatori et al. as discussed by the authors explored the lived experiences of men attracted to minors who believed they would benefit from therapy but did not seek out or attend therapeutic services; and sought to gain an understanding of how the decision to seek help or not impacted their well-being.
Abstract: The Lived Experiences of Men Attracted to Minors and Their Therapy-Seeking Behaviors by Heather Cacciatori Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University June 2017 Abstract This study explored the lived experiences of men attracted to minors who believed they would benefit from therapy but did not seek out or attend therapeutic services; and sought to gain an understanding of how the decision to seek help or not impacted their well-being. Participants included 7 men who were recruited through the B4U-ACT online forum, which provides peer support for the minor attracted community. Participants were interviewed over Skype. Data from these interviews was analyzed and coded according to the interpretative phenomenological method as outlined by Smith et al. (2012). Five main themes emerged, providing insight as to why more therapeutic support is not sought. These themes include: emotional distress, consideration of therapy, actual and perceived stigmatization, expectations of therapist assumptions, expectations of professionalism, and therapeutic support. The findings were compared with existing literature to propose ways mental health professionals can provide easier access to resources and reach the population, which can lead to societal benefits. Improved access to treatment has the potential to provide the population opportunities to better cope with stigma, manage their impulses more effectively, lower their feelings of isolation, and increase their overall well-being. This study helps to fill the current void in the area of research on help-seeking behaviors and the associated challenges that men attracted to minors may face.This study explored the lived experiences of men attracted to minors who believed they would benefit from therapy but did not seek out or attend therapeutic services; and sought to gain an understanding of how the decision to seek help or not impacted their well-being. Participants included 7 men who were recruited through the B4U-ACT online forum, which provides peer support for the minor attracted community. Participants were interviewed over Skype. Data from these interviews was analyzed and coded according to the interpretative phenomenological method as outlined by Smith et al. (2012). Five main themes emerged, providing insight as to why more therapeutic support is not sought. These themes include: emotional distress, consideration of therapy, actual and perceived stigmatization, expectations of therapist assumptions, expectations of professionalism, and therapeutic support. The findings were compared with existing literature to propose ways mental health professionals can provide easier access to resources and reach the population, which can lead to societal benefits. Improved access to treatment has the potential to provide the population opportunities to better cope with stigma, manage their impulses more effectively, lower their feelings of isolation, and increase their overall well-being. This study helps to fill the current void in the area of research on help-seeking behaviors and the associated challenges that men attracted to minors may face. The Lived Experiences of Men Attracted to Minors and Their Therapy-Seeking Behaviors by Heather Cacciatori Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University June 2017 Acknowledgments A wealth of appreciation and gratitude goes to the members of my committee, my friends, my family, and those individuals who participated in the dissertation. I cannot thank all of you enough. To my chair, Dr. Xuereb: thank you for not only for supporting me, but for also making sure I did the study I wanted to do rather than the one that was easiest. Thanks you for guiding me throughout this endeavor and more importantly, for continually offering gentle nudges and fresh perspectives in the right direction. To Dr. O’Brien and Dr. Bass: Each of you came in during different parts of this journey and I appreciate all of the feedback and encouragement provided by each of you. I am appreciative for all that you did. To my family and friends: Thank you for understanding the time this process has taken and for not holding it against me when I missed events and holidays. I want to also thank you for being willing to listen to me ramble about my study time and again despite hearing the same words dozens of times. To Heather: Despite the strain this put on our relationship and marriage, you stayed up many late nights reading draft after draft and provided me with the space I needed to make this happen, so thank you To Amanda: My greatest struggle was completing the final chapters of this study because of all the life changes taking place. Thank you for keeping my head screwed on and pointing me in the right direction time and again.

8 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The use of body-mapping in interpretative phenomenological analyses: A methodological discussion

[...]

Maike Klein1, Rebecca J. Milner2•
University of Bath1, East Tennessee State University2
20 Mar 2019-International Journal of Social Research Methodology
TL;DR: The increasing popularity of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in social research brings an increasing criticism about its validity, robustness and, more recently, its lack of expressi...
Abstract: The increasing popularity of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in social research brings an increasing criticism about its validity, robustness and, more recently, its lack of expressi...

7 citations

Cites methods from "A reflective journal as learning pr..."

  • ...This double-hermeneutics in IPA has been developed to go beyond simplistic first-order analysis (Vicary et al., 2016) and to address criticisms about the exclusion of participants’ voices from final accounts (Shinebourne, 2011)....

    [...]

Exploring Industry Cybersecurity Strategy in Protecting Critical Infrastructure

[...]

Mark Boutwell
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: Key strategies that may help improve cybersecurity strategies used by IT and compliance professionals, which can mitigate successful attacks against critical infrastructure are revealed.
Abstract: Exploring Industry Cybersecurity Strategy in Protecting Critical Infrastructure by Mark Allen Boutwell MS, Walden University, 2017 MS, University of Phoenix, 2009 BS, Hawaii Pacific University, 2003 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Information Technology Walden University December, 2019 Abstract Successful attacks on critical infrastructure have increased in occurrence and sophistication. Many cybersecurity strategies incorporate conventional best practices but often do not consider organizational circumstances and nonstandard critical infrastructure protection needs. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore cybersecurity strategies used by information technology (IT) managers and compliance officers to mitigate cyber threats to critical infrastructure. The population for this study comprised IT managers and compliance officers of 4 case organizations in the Pacific Northwest United States. The routine activity theory developed by criminologist Cohen and Felson in 1979 was used as the conceptual framework. Data collection consisted of interviews with 2 IT managers, 3 compliance officers, and 25 documents related to cybersecurity and associated policy governance. A software tool was used in a thematic analysis approach against the data collected from the interviews and documentation. Data triangulation revealed 4 major themes: a robust workforce training program is crucial, make infrastructure resiliency a priority, importance of security awareness, and importance of organizational leadership support and investment. This study revealed key strategies that may help improve cybersecurity strategies used by IT and complianceSuccessful attacks on critical infrastructure have increased in occurrence and sophistication. Many cybersecurity strategies incorporate conventional best practices but often do not consider organizational circumstances and nonstandard critical infrastructure protection needs. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore cybersecurity strategies used by information technology (IT) managers and compliance officers to mitigate cyber threats to critical infrastructure. The population for this study comprised IT managers and compliance officers of 4 case organizations in the Pacific Northwest United States. The routine activity theory developed by criminologist Cohen and Felson in 1979 was used as the conceptual framework. Data collection consisted of interviews with 2 IT managers, 3 compliance officers, and 25 documents related to cybersecurity and associated policy governance. A software tool was used in a thematic analysis approach against the data collected from the interviews and documentation. Data triangulation revealed 4 major themes: a robust workforce training program is crucial, make infrastructure resiliency a priority, importance of security awareness, and importance of organizational leadership support and investment. This study revealed key strategies that may help improve cybersecurity strategies used by IT and compliance professionals, which can mitigate successful attacks against critical infrastructure. The study findings will contribute to positive social change through an exploration and contextual analysis of cybersecurity strategy with situational awareness of IT practices to enhance cyber threat mitigation and inform business processes. Exploring Industry Cybersecurity Strategy in Protecting Critical Infrastructure by Mark Allen Boutwell MS, Walden University, 2017 MS, University of Phoenix, 2009 BS, Hawaii Pacific University, 2003 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Information Technology

7 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Naturalistic inquiry: Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1985, 416 pp., $25.00 (Cloth)

[...]

Yvonna S. Lincoln, Egon G. Guba, Joseph J. Pilotta
01 Jan 1985-International Journal of Intercultural Relations

21,313 citations

Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences.

[...]

Egon G. Guba1, Yvonna S. Lincoln2•
Indiana University1, Texas A&M University2
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The contention among various research paradigms for legitimacy and intellectual and p;uadigmatic hegemony was discussed in the first edition of the Handbook of Qualitative Research by Guba and Lincoln as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: n our chapter for the first edition of the Handbook of Qualitative Research, we focused on the contention among various research paradigms for legitimacy and intellectual and p;uadigmatic hegemony (Guba & Lincoln, 1994). The postmodern paradigms that we discussed (postmodernist critical theory and constructivism) 1 were in contention with the received positivist and postpositivist paradigms for legitimacy, and with one another for intellectual legitimacy. In the half dozen years that have elapsed since that chapter was published, substantial change has occurred in the landscape of social scientific inquiry. On the matter of legitimacy, we observe that readers familiar with the literature on methods and paradigms reflect a high interest in ontologies and epistemologies that differ sharply from those undergirding conventional social science. Second, even those est::~blished professionals trained in quantitative social science (including the two of us) want to learn more about qualitative approaches, because new young professionals being mentored in graduate schools are asking serious questions about and looking for guidance in qualitatively oriented studies and dissertations. Third, the number of qualitative texts, research papers, workshops, and training materials has exploded. Indeed, it would be difficult to miss the distinct turn of the social sciences tow::~rd more interpretive, postmodern, and criticalist practices and theorizing (Bloland, 1989, 1995). This nonpositivist orientation has created a context (surround) in which virtually no study can go unchallenged by proponents of contending paradigms. Further, it

9,521 citations

Book•
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research

[...]

Jonathan A. Smith, Paul Flowers, Michael Larkin
03 Jun 2009
TL;DR: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry as discussed by the authors and a handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research.
Abstract: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry. This handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research. Extended worked examples from the authors' own studies in health, sexuality, psychological distress and identity illustrate the breadth and depth of IPA research. Each of the chapters also offers a guide to other good exemplars of IPA research in the designated area. The final section of the book considers how IPA connects with other contemporary qualitative approaches like discourse and narrative analysis and how it addresses issues to do with validity. The book is written in an accessible style and will be extremely useful to students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines in the health and social sciences.

7,151 citations

"A reflective journal as learning pr..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Or, I can see if the memo source using three types of initial comments as described by Smith et al., 2009 will work....

    [...]

  • ...Last a criterion of relevance concerning analysis is transparency, or as Smith states, ‘what steps were used in analysis’ (Smith et al. 2009 p. 182) and, later, ‘so [the] reader can see what was done’ (Smith 2011a p. 17)....

    [...]

  • ...It is acknowledged in IPA, as well as other methodological approaches, that software packages cannot replace active person-driven data analysis (Langdridge, 2007 and Smith et al., 2009)....

    [...]

  • ...They are, according to the proponents of the methodology (Smith 1996, Smith et al. 2009), also offering an interpretative account of what it means for the participant to have such concerns within their particular context....

    [...]

  • ...She therefore would be unable to analyse annotations distinguishing between the suggested three-way approach as suggested by Smith (Smith et al., 2009)....

    [...]

Book•
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

[...]

Jonathan A. Smith1, Mike Osborn2•
Birkbeck, University of London1, Royal United Hospital2
25 Dec 2021
TL;DR: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants. The approach is phenomenological (see Chapter 3) in that it involves detailed examination of the participant’s lifeworld; it attempts to explore personal experience and is concerned with an individual’s personal perception or account of an object or event, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective statement of the object or event itself. At the same time, IPA also emphasizes that the research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher in that process. One is trying to get close to the participant’s personal world, to take, in Conrad’s (1987) words, an ‘insider’s perspective’, but one cannot do this directly or completely. Access depends on, and is complicated by, the researcher’s own conceptions; indeed, these are required in order to make sense of that other personal world through a process of interpretative activity. Thus, a two-stage interpretation process, or a double hermeneutic, is involved. The participants are trying to make sense of their world; the researcher is trying to make sense of the participants trying to make sense of their world. IPA is therefore intellectually connected to hermeneutics and theories of interpretation (Packer and Addison, 1989; Palmer, 1969; Smith, in press; see also Chapter 2 this volume). Different interpretative stances are possible, and IPA combines an empathic hermeneutics with a questioning hermeneutics. Thus, consistent with its phenomenological origins, IPA is concerned with trying to understand what it is like, from the point of view of the participants, to take their side. At the same time, a detailed IPA analysis can also involve asking critical questions of the texts from participants, such as the following: What is the person trying to achieve here? Is something leaking out here that wasn’t intended? Do I have a sense of something going on here that maybe the participants themselves are less aware of?

5,225 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Qualitative psychology: a practical guide to research methods

[...]

Jonathan A. Smith
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The authors provides a step-by-step guide to using qualitative research methods in psychology, from Conversation Analysis or Focus Groups to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis or Narrative Psychology, from a qualitative perspective.
Abstract: Book synopsis: Undertaking qualitative research in psychology can seem like a daunting and complex process, especially when it comes to selecting the most appropriate approach for your project or assignment. This book, written and edited by a world-leading group of academics and researchers, offers an accessible, critical and practical way into qualitative research in psychology. Each chapter provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to using a qualitative research method – from Conversation Analysis or Focus Groups to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis or Narrative Psychology. Whatever approach you choose to take, this book will ensure you get it right from the start.

3,851 citations

Related Papers (5)
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research

[...]

03 Jun 2009
Jonathan A. Smith, Paul Flowers, Michael Larkin
Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology

[...]

01 Feb 1996-Psychology & Health
Jonathan A. Smith
Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis

[...]

01 Jan 2006-Qualitative Research in Psychology
Michael Larkin, Simon Watts, Elizabeth Clifton
Participants and researchers searching for meaning: Conceptual developments for interpretative phenomenological analysis

[...]

03 Apr 2019-Qualitative Research in Psychology
Jonathan A. Smith
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as a coaching research methodology

[...]

02 Jul 2020-Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice
Duminda Rajasinghe