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Journal ArticleDOI

A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL)-1. Formulation

TL;DR: The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) as mentioned in this paper estimates the spatial variation of most essential hydro-meteorological parameters empirically, and requires only field information on short wave atmospheric transmittance, surface temperature and vegetation height.
About: This article is published in Journal of Hydrology.The article was published on 1998-12-01. It has received 2628 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: SEBAL & Land cover.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an improved version of the global evapotranspiration (ET) algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data has been proposed, which simplifies the calculation of vegetation cover fraction, calculating ET as the sum of daytime and nighttime components, adding soil heat flux calculation, improving estimates of stomatal conductance, aerodynamic resistance and boundary layer resistance, separating dry canopy surface from the wet and dividing soil surface into saturated wet surface and moist surface.

2,052 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and theneed for air-temperature measurements.
Abstract: Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) is a satellite-based image-processing model for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) as a residual of the surface energy balance. METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements. The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance and to provide congruency with traditional methods for ET. Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used in applications in mountainous terrain. METRIC algorithms are designed for relatively routine application by trained engineers and other technical professionals who possess a fami...

1,570 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the current status of selected remote sensing algorithms for estimating land surface temperature from thermal infrared (TIR) data is presented in this article, along with a survey of the algorithms employed for obtaining LST from space-based TIR measurements.

1,470 citations


Cites background or methods from "A remote sensing surface energy bal..."

  • ...As such, the LST is widely used in a variety of fields including evapotranspiration, climate change, hydrological cycle, vegetation monitoring, urban climate and environmental studies, among others (Arnfield, 2003; Bastiaanssen et al., 1998; Hansen et al., 2010; Kalma et al., 2008; Kogan, 2001; Su, 2002; Voogt & Oke, 2003;Weng, 2009;Weng et al., 2004) and has been recognized as one of the high-priority parameters of the International Geosphere and Biosphere Program (IGBP) (Townshend et al....

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  • ...…climate change, hydrological cycle, vegetation monitoring, urban climate and environmental studies, among others (Arnfield, 2003; Bastiaanssen et al., 1998; Hansen et al., 2010; Kalma et al., 2008; Kogan, 2001; Su, 2002; Voogt & Oke, 2003;Weng, 2009;Weng et al., 2004) and has…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a global remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) algorithm based on Cleugh et al.'s [Cleugh, H.A., R. Leuning, Q. Mu, S.W. Running (2007) Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data.

1,424 citations


Cites background from "A remote sensing surface energy bal..."

  • ...For example, SEBAL (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998a,b), SEBS (Su, 2002), and RSEB (Kalma & Jupp, 1990) estimate ET as a residual of the energy balance at the earth's surface, which contain biases from both the sensible heat flux and net radiation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of methods for estimating evaporation from landscapes, regions and larger geographic extents, with remotely sensed surface temperatures, and highlight uncertainties and limitations associated with those estimation methods.
Abstract: This paper reviews methods for estimating evaporation from landscapes, regions and larger geographic extents, with remotely sensed surface temperatures, and highlights uncertainties and limitations associated with those estimation methods. Particular attention is given to the validation of such approaches against ground based flux measurements. An assessment of some 30 published validations shows an average root mean squared error value of about 50 W m−2 and relative errors of 15–30%. The comparison also shows that more complex physical and analytical methods are not necessarily more accurate than empirical and statistical approaches. While some of the methods were developed for specific land covers (e.g. irrigation areas only) we also review methods developed for other disciplines, such as hydrology and meteorology, where continuous estimates in space and in time are needed, thereby focusing on physical and analytical methods as empirical methods are usually limited by in situ training data. This review also provides a discussion of temporal and spatial scaling issues associated with the use of thermal remote sensing for estimating evaporation. Improved temporal scaling procedures are required to extrapolate instantaneous estimates to daily and longer time periods and gap-filling procedures are needed when temporal scaling is affected by intermittent satellite coverage. It is also noted that analysis of multi-resolution data from different satellite/sensor systems (i.e. data fusion) will assist in the development of spatial scaling and aggregation approaches, and that several biological processes need to be better characterized in many current land surface models.

1,019 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the stomatal conductance of illuminated leaves is a function of current levels of temperature, vapour pressure deficit, leaf water potential (really turgor pressure) and ambient CO $_2$ concentration and when plotted against any one of these variables a scatter diagram results.
Abstract: Attempts to correlate values of stomatal conductance and leaf water potential with particular environmental variables in the field are generally of only limited success because they are simultaneously affected by a number of environmental variables. For example, correlations between leaf water potential and either flux of radiant energy or vapour pressure deficit show a diurnal hysteresis which leads to a scatter diagram if many values are plotted. However, a simple model may be adequate to relate leaf water potential to the flow of water through the plant. The stomatal conductance of illuminated leaves is a function of current levels of temperature, vapour pressure deficit, leaf water potential (really turgor pressure) and ambient CO $_2$ concentration. Consequently, when plotted against any one of these variables a scatter diagram results. Physiological knowledge of stomatal functioning is not adequate to provide a mechanistic model linking stomatal conductance to all these variables. None the less, the parameters describing the relationships with the variables can be conveniently estimated from field data by a technique of non-linear least squares, for predictive purposes and to describe variations in response from season to season and plant to plant.

2,897 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a revised version of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB2) is presented, incorporating a realistic canopy photosynthesis-conductance model to describe the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of the vegetation, respectively.
Abstract: The formulation of a revised land surface parameterization for use within atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) is presented. The model (SiB2) incorporates several significant improvements over the first version of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB) described in Sellers et al. The improvements can be summarized as follows: (i) incorporation of a realistic canopy photosynthesis–conductance model to describe the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of the vegetation, respectively; (ii) use of satellite data, as described in a companion paper, Part II, to describe the vegetation phonology; (iii) modification of the hydrological submodel to give better descriptions of baseflows and a more reliable calculation of interlayer exchanges within the soil profile; (iv) incorporation of a “patchy” snowmelt treatment, which prevents rapid thermal and surface reflectance transitions when the area-averaged snow cover is low and decreasing. To accommodate the changes in (i) and (ii) ab...

1,861 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a summary of observations and modeling efforts on surface fluxes, carried out at Cabauw in The Netherlands and during MESOGERS-84 in the south of France, is given.
Abstract: In this paper a summary is given of observations and modeling efforts on surface fluxes, carried out at Cabauw in The Netherlands and during MESOGERS-84 in the south of France. Emphasis is put on those aspects that are important from a modeling point of view, e.g., surface roughness lengths for momentum and heat, stomatal resistance for evaporation, and related quantities. Special attention is paid to the problem of subgrid surface inhomogeneities up to horizontal scales of a few kilometers. A qualitative explanation is given for the apparent low values of the roughness length for heat. Simple flux parameterizations are compared with observations, and empirical closure functions are proposed to model the transfer coefficients between the surface and the first model layer.

950 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for "footprint prediction" is explored in this paper, where the upwind area most likely to affect a downwind flux measurement at a given height is compared.
Abstract: The use of analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for ‘footprint prediction’ is explored. Quantitative information about the ‘footprint’, i.e., the upwind area most likely to affect a downwind flux measurement at a given height z, is essential when flux measurements from different platforms, particularly airborne ones, are compared. Analytical predictions are evaluated against numerical Lagrangian trajectory simulations which are detailed in a companion paper (Leclerc and Thurtell, 1990). For neutral stability, the structurally simple solutions proposed by Gash (1986) are shown to be capable of satisfactory approximation to numerical simulations over a wide range of heights, zero displacements and roughness lengths. Until more sophisticated practical solutions become available, it is suggested that apparent limitations in the validity of some assumptions underlying the Gash solutions for the case of very large surface roughness (forests) and tentative application of the solutions to cases of small thermal instability be dealt with by semi-empirical adjustment of the ratio of horizontal wind to friction velocity. An upper limit of validity of these solutions for z has yet to be established.

825 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a sliding cubic smoothing technique to calculate daily water contents and thus water depletion rates for the entire growing season and used this to predict water use by wheat in six differentially irrigated plots.
Abstract: Canopy temperatures were measured on durum wheat grown in six differentially irrigated plots. Soil water content was measured by using a neutron-scattering technique at two locations within each plot. Water contents, in 20-cm increments to 160 cm, were determined two to five times per week. Using a sliding cubic smoothing technique, we calculated daily water contents and thus water depletion rates for the entire growing season. Canopy temperatures were measured daily between 1330 and 1400 hours. Air temperatures measured at 150 cm above the soil surface were subtracted from the canopy temperatures to form the difference Tc – Ta. The summation of Tc – Ta over time yielded a factor termed the ‘stress degree day’ (SDD). The SDD concept shows promise as an indicator for determining the times and amounts of irrigations. An expression relating evapotranspiration (ET) to net radiation and Tc – Ta was simplified and tested by using ET measurements with a lysimeter. The expression was used to predict water use by wheat in the six plots. Predicted ET and measured water used agreed reasonably well. The expression may be useful in determining amounts of irrigation water to apply.

808 citations