A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell
TL;DR: More than 100 articles related to anode catalysts for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) are reviewed, mainly focusing on the three most active areas: (1) progress in preparation methods of Pt-Ru catalysts with respect to activity improvement and utilization optimization; (2) preparation of novel carbon materials as catalyst supports to create a highly dispersed and stably supported catalysts; (3) exploration of new catalysts having a low noble metal content and non-noble metal elements through fast activity down-selection methods such as combinatorial methods.
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2006-04-21. It has received 1607 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Direct methanol fuel cell & Anode.
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TL;DR: In this article, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct, which is essential to ensure higher life cycle and less decay in cell efficiency.
Abstract: Increasing demand for finding eco-friendly and everlasting energy sources is now totally depending on fuel cell technology. Though it is an eco-friendly way of producing energy for the urgent requirements, it needs to be improved to make it cheaper and more eco-friendly. Although there are several types of fuel cells, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct. However, supplying fuels in the purest form (at least the H2) is essential to ensure higher life cycles and less decay in cell efficiency. The current large-scale H2 production is largely dependent on steam reforming of fossil fuels, which generates CO2 along with H2 and the source of which is going to be depleted. As an alternate, electrolysis of water has been given greater attention than the steam reforming. The reasons are as follows: the very high purity of the H2 produced, the abundant source, no need for high-temperature, high-pressure reactors, and so on. In earlier days,...
1,757 citations
TL;DR: Progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so for advanced energy conversion and storage is reviewed, along with some discussions on challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
Abstract: It is estimated that the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050. Nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge by creating new materials, particularly carbon nanomaterials, for efficient energy conversion and storage. Comparing to conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials possess unique size-/surface-dependent (e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) properties useful for enhancing the energy-conversion and storage performances. During the past 25 years or so, therefore, considerable efforts have been made to utilize the unique properties of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, as energy materials, and tremendous progress has been achieved in developing high-performance energy conversion (e.g., solar cells and fuel cells) and storage (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries) devices. This article reviews progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so for advanced energy conversion and storage, along with some discussions on challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
1,287 citations
1,219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and issues associated with a variety of carbon based materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), mesoporous carbon and graphene as well as non-carbonaceous based materials, e.g. titania, indium oxides, alumina, silica and tungsten oxide and carbide, ceria, zirconia nanostructures and conducting polymers catalyst support materials are clearly described in this review.
1,041 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of various heteronanostructures using the Frank-van der Merwe (FM), Volmer-Weber (VW), and Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth modes is discussed.
980 citations
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TL;DR: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects.
Abstract: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.
9,693 citations
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01 Nov 2011TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on topics at the forefront of electrochemical research, such as splitting water by electrolysis, splitting water with visible light, and the recent development of lithium batteries.
Abstract: This book focuses on topics at the forefront of electrochemical research. Splitting water by electrolysis; splitting water by visible light; the recent development of lithium batteries; theoretical approaches to intercalation; and fundamental concepts of electrode kinetics, particularly as applied to semiconductors are discussed. It is recommended for electrochemists, physical chemists, corrosion scientists, and those working in the fields of analytical chemistry, surface and colloid science, materials science, electrical engineering, and chemical engineering.
5,927 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers as catalysts and catalysts supports has been analyzed from the early 1990s until the beginning of 2003.
Abstract: This review analyses the literature from the early 1990s until the beginning of 2003 and covers the use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers as catalysts and catalysts supports. The article is composed of three sections, the first one explains why these materials can be suitable for these applications, the second describes the different preparation methods for supporting metallic catalysts on these supports, and the last one details the catalytic results obtained with nanotubes or nanofibers based catalysts. When possible, the results were compared to those obtained on classical carbonaceous supports and explanations are proposed to clarify the different behaviors observed.
1,742 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent developments in both the fundamental and technological aspects of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is presented, where the authors focus on the electrocatalysis of the methanoline oxidation reaction and oxygen electroreduction.
Abstract: This review paper describes recent developments in both the fundamental and technological aspects of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Most previous studies in this field have dealt with fundamental aspects, whereas in recent years, the technology of these devices has become the object of significant interest. This is mainly due to the fact that a probable application of DMFCs in portable power sources and in hybrid electrical vehicles has only recently been envisaged. The section on fundamentals is particularly focused on the electrocatalysis of the methanol oxidation reaction and oxygen electroreduction. In this regard, particular relevance is given to the interpretation of the promoting effect on Pt of additional elements and some aspects of the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction in the presence of methanol crossover have been treated. The technology section deals with the development of both components and devices. Particular emphasis is given to the development of high surface area electrocatalysts and alternative electrolyte membranes to Nafion, also the fabrication methodologies for the M&E assembly have been discussed. The last part of the paper describes the recent efforts in developing DMFC stacks for both portable and electro-traction applications. The current status of the technology in this field is presented and some important technical and economical challenges are been discussed.
1,372 citations