A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis
TL;DR: Neospora caninum is a recently recognized protozoan parasite of animals, which until 1988 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii, and its life cycle is unknown.
About: This article is published in Veterinary Parasitology.The article was published on 1996-12-02. It has received 963 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neospora caninum & Neospora.
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TL;DR: This review is focused mainly on the epidemiology and control of neosporosis in cattle, but worldwide seroprevalences of N. caninum in animals and humans are tabulated.
Abstract: Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals. Until 1988, it was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Since its first recognition in dogs in 1984 and the description of the new genus and species Neospora caninum in 1988, neosporosis has emerged as a serious disease of cattle and dogs worldwide. Abortions and neonatal mortality are a major problem in livestock operations, and neosporosis is a major cause of abortion in cattle. Although antibodies to N. caninum have been reported, the parasite has not been detected in human tissues. Thus, the zoonotic potential is uncertain. This review is focused mainly on the epidemiology and control of neosporosis in cattle, but worldwide seroprevalences of N. caninum in animals and humans are tabulated. The role of wildlife in the life cycle of N. caninum and strategies for the control of neosporosis in cattle are discussed.
977 citations
Cites background from "A review of Neospora caninum and ne..."
...In most cases of neonatal neosporosis, clinical signs are not apparent until 5 to 7 weeks after birth (133)....
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TL;DR: Information on biology, diagnosis, epidemiology and control of neosporosis in animals, a major cause of abortion in cattle in many countries, is reviewed.
Abstract: Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite of animals. It is a major pathogen for cattle and dogs and it occasionally causes clinical infections in horses, goats, sheep, and deer. Domestic dogs are the only known definitive hosts for N. caninum. It is one of the most efficiently transmitted parasite of cattle and up to 90% of cattle in some herds are infected. Transplacental transmission is considered the major route of transmission of N. caninum in cattle. Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle in many countries. To elicit protective immunity against abortion in cows that already harbor a latent infection is a major problem. This paper reviews information on biology, diagnosis, epidemiology and control of neosporosis in animals.
770 citations
Cites background from "A review of Neospora caninum and ne..."
...Bovine neosporosis has been reviewed in several papers (Dubey and Lindsay, 1996; Wouda, 1998; Dubey, 1999; Anderson et al., 2000; Buxton et al., 2002; Dijkstra, 2002; Innes et al., 2002; Jenkins et al., 2002; Dubey, 2003)....
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...caninum tachyzoites and tissue cysts (Dubey and Lindsay, 1996; Dubey et al., 1998a), they are less susceptible to parenteral or oral inoculation with oocysts....
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TL;DR: This review presents the most common types of sulfonamides used in healthcare and veterinary medicine and discusses the problems connected with their presence in the biosphere.
495 citations
TL;DR: The greatest advances in dairy health in the last 25 yr have been the shifts to disease prevention, rather than treatment, as well as from focus on individual animals to groups and herds, and links between cattle and people through consideration of environmental or ecosystem health.
460 citations
TL;DR: Successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies.
Abstract: The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
444 citations
Cites background from "A review of Neospora caninum and ne..."
...The final host of the coccidial parasite Neospora caninum is the dog, but its economic impact is felt mostly in the intermediate cattle host, where it is a major cause of abortion (51, 78)....
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References
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1,613 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A newly identified parasite, Neospora caninum, structurally distinct from T gondii, was found in 10 dogs and formed meronts in many tissues of the dogs, especially the brain and spinal cord.
Abstract: Histologic sections and case histories from 23 dogs with proven fatal toxoplasmosis-like illness at the Angell Memorial Animal Hospital were reviewed. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in 13 dogs. A newly identified parasite, Neospora caninum, structurally distinct from T gondii, was found in 10 dogs. The newly discovered organism, belonging to a new genus and new species, formed meronts in many tissues of the dogs, especially the brain and spinal cord. Neospora caninum was located directly in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorous vacuole; it divided by endodyogeny, contained more than 11 rhoptries, and did not react with the anti-T gondii serum in the immunoperoxidase test. Meningoencephalomyelitis and myositis were the main lesions associated with N caninum. Ulcerative and fistulous dermatitis was the major lesion in 1 dog.
787 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in 5 young dogs from 2 litters with a common parentage that developed hind limb paresis 5 to 8 weeks after birth and was isolated in cell cultures, mice, and dogs inoculated with infected canine tissues.
Abstract: Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in 5 young dogs from 2 litters with a common parentage. The pups were born healthy, but developed hind limb paresis 5 to 8 weeks after birth. The predominant lesions were polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. Neospora caninum was seen microscopically in sections of naturally infected pups, and was isolated in cell cultures, mice, and dogs inoculated with infected canine tissues. Antibodies to N caninum were detected in sera of infected dogs by indirect fluorescent antibody test.
664 citations
TL;DR: A cyst-forming sporozoon, associated with lesions in the central nervous system and skeletal muscles of six dogs, which were all offspring of a single dam of boxer breed, and revealed extensive inflammatory lesions in all parts of the CNS and in the skeletal muscles.
Abstract: In recent years unidentified sporozoan parasites causing encephalomyelitis have been reported in sheep (Hartley and Blakemore 1974) and horses (Beech and Dodd 1974). The present paper is a preliminary report of a cyst-forming sporozoon, associated with lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscles of six dogs, which were all offspring of a single dam of boxer breed. Except for one case without clinical manifestations of infection, there was a history of neurologic disorders leading to paresis after several months. However, all animals appeared healthy until the age of 2-6 months. Necropsies revealed extensive inflammatory lesions in all parts of the CNS and in the skeletal muscles. The parasites were most numerous in the CNS where they were easily detected in association with the lesions in most cases. In the CNS they were found mostly within glial cells and appeared as ovoid clusters, up to 60 gm in diameter (Figs. 2 and 3). Some groups of the parasites had a compact appearance and a smooth outline (Fig. 2), while others had more irregular outlines, consisting of loosely arranged ovoid or crescent-shaped organisms (Fig. 3). Many parasites were associated with necrosis and severe inflammation. However, the case with subclinical infection exhibited exclusively chronic inflammation with scarring. The very few parasites observed were ovoid cysts, about 50 gm in diameter, with a distinct cyst wall (Fig. 4). They were apparently not provoking any inflammatory reaction. In the other cases a definite cyst wall was not seen. The parasites were less numerous in the skeletal muscles than in the CNS; in the former site they always lacked a definite cyst wall. Smaller
449 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An avidin-biotin-peroxid enzyme complex immunoperoxidase staining method was developed to detect Neospora caninum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and detected tachyzoites and bradyzoites of N caninu.
Abstract: An avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunoperoxidase staining method was developed to detect Neospora caninum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Specific antiserum to N caninum was made in rabbits and used to probe tissues from dogs naturally and experimentally infected with N caninum. The test detected tachyzoites and bradyzoites of N caninum. A reaction was not observed to Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Sarcocystis cruzi, S capricanis, S tenella, Besnoitia jellisoni, Caryospora bigenetica, Hepatazoon canis, Atoxoplasma sp, or the organism causing canine dermal coccidiosis. When antiserum made in rabbits to T gondii was used in the test, reaction to N caninum was not observed.
384 citations