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Proceedings ArticleDOI

A Review of Photoplethysmography-based Physiological Measurement and Estimation, Part 1: Single Input Methods*

20 Jul 2020-Vol. 2020, pp 863-866
TL;DR: Methods where the waveform is used in conjunction with other measured physiological signals, including cardiac output, blood pressure, venous function assessment, blood oxygen saturation, and fetal heart rate and fetal oxygen saturation are reviewed.
Abstract: Photoplethysmography can be used to estimate many physiological parameters based on features extracted from the measured waveform. Following the single parameter estimations that have been reviewed in part 1 of this paper, we here review methods where the waveform is used in conjunction with other measured physiological signals. Being a low-cost, non-invasive, and user friendly technique, many PPG-based physiological data extraction methods are being researched. The parameters reviewed that can be estimated using the PPG waveform plus additional inputs include cardiac output, blood pressure, venous function assessment, blood oxygen saturation, and fetal heart rate and fetal oxygen saturation. The different processing techniques, algorithms and methods are reviewed in addition to providing a comparison of results with the reference standards to validate the different methods. Future research considerations for each parameter estimation are also discussed. This paper could be helpful for future research on PPG based wearable devices for physiological multi-parameter estimations.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of point-of-care (POC) screening, early diagnosis, and monitoring of anemia is presented, highlighting the future trends of integrating anemia detection with the diagnosis of relevant underlying disorders to accurately identify specific root causes and to facilitate personalized treatment and care.
Abstract: Anemia, characterized by low blood hemoglobin level, affects about 25% of the world's population with the heaviest burden borne by women and children. Anemia leads to impaired cognitive development in children, as well as high morbidity and early mortality among sufferers. Anemia can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, oncologic treatments and diseases, and infections such as malaria, as well as inherited hemoglobin or red cell disorders. Effective treatments are available for anemia upon early detection and the treatment method is highly dependent on the cause of anemia. There is a need for point-of-care (POC) screening, early diagnosis, and monitoring of anemia, which is currently not widely accessible due to technical challenges and cost, especially in low- and middle-income countries where anemia is most prevalent. This review first introduces the evolution of anemia detection methods followed by their implementation in current commercially available POC anemia diagnostic devices. Then, emerging POC anemia detection technologies leveraging new methods are reviewed. Finally, we highlight the future trends of integrating anemia detection with the diagnosis of relevant underlying disorders to accurately identify specific root causes and to facilitate personalized treatment and care.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors developed a hypertension diagnosis tool, named the ANC Test, which combines medical observation with machine learning (ML) techniques to detect systolic hypertension with a maximum value of 72.9%.
Abstract: In our modern digitalized world, hypertension detection represents a key feature that enables self-monitoring of cardiovascular parameters, using a wide range of smart devices. Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation rate are some of the most important ones, easily computed by wearable products that are provided by the photoplethysmography (PPG) technique. Therefore, this low-cost technology has opened a new horizon for health monitoring in the last decade. Another important parameter is blood pressure, a major predictor for cardiovascular characterization and health related events. Analyzing only PPG signal morphology and combining the medical observation with machine learning (ML) techniques, this paper develops a hypertension diagnosis tool, named the ANC Test™. During the development process, distinguishable characteristics have been observed among certain waveforms and certain types of patients that leads to an increased confidence level of the algorithm. The test was enchanted by machine learning models to improve blood pressure class detection between systolic normotensive and hypertensive patients. A total of 359 individual recordings were manually selected to build reference signals using open-source available databases. During the development and testing phases, different ML models accuracy of detecting systolic hypertension scored in many cases around 70% with a maximum value of 72.9%. This was resulted from original waveform classification into four main classes with an easy-to-understand nomenclature. An important limitation during the recording processing phase was given by a different PPG acquisition standard among the consulted free available databases.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies used in the field of data collection and analysis in the context of data mining. But their focus is on data collection, not data analysis.
Abstract:

ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

Разработка моделей машинного обучения для определения снижения систолической функции миокарда левого желудочка (ЛЖ) по данным электрокардиограммы (ЭКГ) и фотоплетизмограммы (ФПГ), зарегистрированным с помощью одноканального ЭКГ-монитора с функцией фотоплетизмографии.

МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ

В исследование были проспективно включены 400 пациентов. Каждому участнику исследования была выполнена эхокардиография, при которой определяли фракцию выброса (ФВ) ЛЖ и VTI выносящего тракта ЛЖ. Затем проводили регистрацию ЭКГ и ФПГ одноканальным ЭКГ-монитором с функцией фотоплетизмографии, который имеет вид чехла для смартфона. Затем все зарегистрированные записи передавали на единый сервер, где проводили расчет параметров ЭКГ и ФПГ. На основе полученных параметров были построены модели для оценки прогнозирования снижения систолической функции ЛЖ с применением регрессии Лассо и алгоритма «случайный лес».

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

Были получены модели для ФВ менее 55, 40, 30% и VTI менее 16 и 13 см соответственно. Для каждой модели рассчитывали площадь под ROC-кривой (AUC), чувствительность, специфичность. Для моделей с применением регрессии Лассо результаты были следующими: для ФВ <55% AUC составила 0,857 (чувствительность 0,818, специфичность 0,860); для ФВ <40% — 0,971; для ФВ <30% — 0,982; для VTI <13 — 0,754, для VTI <16 — 0,746. Для моделей, построенных на основе алгоритма «случайный лес», результаты были также достаточно высокими: для ФВ <55% AUC составила 0,913; для ФВ <40% — 0,955; для ФВ <30% — 0,962; для VTI <13 — 0,776, для VTI <16 — 0,782.

ВЫВОД

Модели на основе машинного обучения, построенные с использованием параметров ЭКГ и ФПГ, показали достаточно высокую точность в оценке снижения систолической функции ЛЖ.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a review of the main influencing parameters of PPG technology, which should be addressed when testing the sensor, and suggest tentative guidelines for a possible future standardization initiative.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The newly inaugurated Research Resource for Complex Physiologic Signals (RRSPS) as mentioned in this paper was created under the auspices of the National Center for Research Resources (NCR Resources).
Abstract: —The newly inaugurated Research Resource for Complex Physiologic Signals, which was created under the auspices of the National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of He...

11,407 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Monte Carlo modelling of light pulses in tissue has shown that the mean value of the time dispersed light pulse correlates with the pathlength used in quantitative spectroscopic calculations, and this result has been verified in a phantom material.
Abstract: Quantitation of near infrared spectroscopic data in a scattering medium such as tissue requires knowledge of the optical pathlength in the medium. This can now be estimated directly from the time of flight of picosecond length light pulses. Monte Carlo modelling of light pulses in tissue has shown that the mean value of the time dispersed light pulse correlates with the pathlength used in quantitative spectroscopic calculations. This result has been verified in a phantom material. Time of flight measurements of pathlength across the rat head give a pathlength of 5.3+or-0.3 times the head diameter.

2,068 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Mar 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: A survey of blood pressure measuring devices for which there is published evidence of independent validation using the BHS and AAMI protocols found that only a fraction of the many devices available have been surveyed.
Abstract: There is a large market for blood pressure measuring devices not only in clinical medicine but also among the public where the demand for self measurement of blood pressure is growing rapidly. For consumers, whether medical or lay, accuracy should be of prime importance when selecting a device to measure blood pressure. However, most devices have not been evaluated for accuracy independently using the two most widely used protocols: the British Hypertension Society (BHS) protocol and the standard set by the US Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). 1 2 The Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension has decided to review blood pressure measuring devices regularly to guide purchasers.3 For this first report devices for which there is published evidence of independent validation using these protocols have been surveyed. Because most blood pressure devices have not been independently validated, only a fraction of the many devices available have been surveyed. Devices that have been validated recently for which results have not yet been published were not included, but this shortcoming should be addressed in future. #### Summary points Two manual sphygmomanometers have been validated, one is recommended Five devices for clinical use in hospitals have been validated, two are recommended 23 devices for self measurement of blood pressure have been validated, five are recommended 24 devices for ambulatory measurement of blood pressure have been validated, 16 are recommended Validations and recommendations will be updated on the BMJ 's website ### Validation standards In 1987, the American Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation published a standard for sphygmomanometers which included a protocol for evaluating the accuracy of devices.4 In 1990 a protocol was devised by the British Hypertension Society.5 Both protocols have since been revised. 1 2 Since the two protocols can be reconciled the …

870 citations


"A Review of Photoplethysmography-ba..." refers result in this paper

  • ...‘is mean di‚erence with standard deviation is well within the limits set by AAMI and British Hypertension Society (BSH) [25]–[28]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This protocol incorporates many features of the American National Standard for Non-Automated Sphygmomanometers but includes many additional features, such as strict criteria for observer training, interdevice variability testing before and after a month of ambulatory use, and a new system of analysis which permits the test system to be graded.
Abstract: With the increasing manufacture of expensive systems for the measurement of ambulatory blood pressure there is a need for potential purchasers to be able to satisfy themselves that the systems have been evaluated according to agreed criteria. The British Hypertension Society has, therefore, drawn up

749 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The performance of this electrical model is compared extensively to its real counterpart in the following areas: magnitude and phase of input impedances, wave travel along the aorta, and wave shapes of pressures and flows at different locations.

674 citations


"A Review of Photoplethysmography-ba..." refers background in this paper

  • ...‘e elastic modulus of the arteries increases between proximal and peripheral vessels due to vascular ageing leading to arterial sti‚ness, reduction in vessel compliance and increased vessel thickness [19]....

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