A review of physics and correlations of pool fire behaviour in wind and future challenges
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the physics and correlations for the burning behavior of pool fires in wind, and discussed also challenges for future research on this topic, especially for wind-blown large scale pool fires.
About: This article is published in Fire Safety Journal.The article was published on 2017-07-01. It has received 182 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this article, the influence of horizontal cross flows on the flame geometry in pool fires was investigated, and a physical model was developed based on the characteristic length scale derived by combining cross flow air speed, the characteristic volumetric air entrainment, the turbulent flame buoyancy and the air required for stoichiometric combustion.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the flame height of double rectangular pool fires with different aspect ratios and distances in open space, and the experimental results indicated that the fire height decreased sharply with the increase of distance and subsequently exhibited a slight change with further increase in distance.
42 citations
01 Sep 2000
TL;DR: The results of large-scale crude oil fire experiments conducted in Tomakomai, Japan, in 1998 to obtain information that could be applied to the development of firefighting strategies for, and the design of, huge petroleum storages were summarized in this paper.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of large-scale crude oil fire experiments conducted in Tomakomai, Japan, in 1998 to obtain information that could be applied to the development of firefighting strategies for, and the design of, huge petroleum storages. Arabian light-equivalent crude oil was burned in pans 5-, 10-, and 20-m in diameter. Most of the experiments were performed under favorable conditions. Measured data include external radiation, infrared image of the flame, flame temperature, gas concentration inside the flame, and other burning characteristics. The height of the strongest radiant emittance was H/D=0.1 to 0.2, where D=pan diameter and H=height from the initial fuel surface, and a kind of fireball appeared occasionally at the intermittant flame zone. Emitted smoke particles were sampled on the ground and observed with a scanning electron micrograph, and the distribution of the diameters of primary smoke particles was examined. The average diameter of primary smoke particles is 53.0 (±10.5)nm. The dependence of burning characteristics and flame structure on pan diameter is discussed. The flame height of the 20-m diameter pan fire is 1.9 (±0.3) •D. The burning rate increases as the pan diameters increase, but the radiative fraction decreases as pan diameter increases.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the variations of the tunnel fire burning rate, heat release rate and smoke backlayering as being functions of tunnel blockage and inclination conditions and found that increasing the fire-blockage separation distance had an adverse effect on the burning rates.
41 citations
TL;DR: Several series of measurements were made to characterize medium-scale pool fires steadily burning in a well-ventilated, quiescent, open environment, showing that both radiation and convection play significant roles in these pool fires.
40 citations
References
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Book•
29 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the physical chemistry of combustion in fire and discuss the physical properties of fire and its application in a wide range of applications in fire science and combustion.
Abstract: Machine generated contents note: About the AuthorPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the Third EditionList of Symbols and Abbreviations1 Fire science and combustion 1.1 Fuels and the Combustion Process 1.2 The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires Problems2 Heat transfer 2.1 Summary of the heat transfer equations 2.2 Conduction 2.3 Convection 2.4 Radiation Problems3 Limits of flammability and premixed flames 3.1 Limits of flammability 3.2 The structure of a premixed flame 3.3 Heat losses from premixed flames 3.4 Measurement of burning velocities 3.5 Variation of burning velocity with experimental parameters 3.6 The effect of turbulence Problems4 Diffusion flames and fire plumes 4.1 Laminar jet flames 4.2 Turbulent jet flames 4.3 Flames from natural fires 4.4 Some practical applications Problems5 Steady burning of liquids and solids 5.1 Burning of liquids 5.2 Burning of solids Problems6 Ignition: The initiation of flaming combustion 6.1 Ignition of^
1,984 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the entrainment of air into a turbulent flame was investigated in terms of both a dimensional analysis and the entrainedness of air to the turbulent flame, and the effects of wind on such flames were also reported.
Abstract: Uncontrolled fires produce flames where the initial momentum of the fuel is low compared with the momentum produced by buoyancy. The heights of such flames with wood as the fuel are examined and discussed in terms of both a dimensional analysis and the entrainment of air into the turbulent flame. They are then compared with other experiments on the flow of hot gases. Some recent experiments on the effects of wind on such flames are also reported.
404 citations
TL;DR: Data for estimating the burning rate and heat output of large pool fires (diameter ≳ 0.2 m) are compiled and computational equations presented and a large scatter is noted.
Abstract: Data for estimating the burning rate and heat output of large pool fires (diameter ≳ 0.2 m) are compiled and computational equations presented. Since a large scatter in the reported data is noted, attention is also focused on areas where further research is most needed in order to improve predictability.
404 citations
01 Jan 1963
TL;DR: In this paper, the entrainment of air into a turbulent flame was investigated in terms of both a dimensional analysis and the entrainedness of air to the turbulent flame, and the effects of wind on such flames were also reported.
Abstract: Uncontrolled fires produce flames where the initial momentum of the fuel is low compared with the momentum produced by buoyancy. The heights of such flames with wood as the fuel are examined and discussed in terms of both a dimensional analysis and the entrainment of air into the turbulent flame. They are then compared with other experiments on the flow of hot gases. Some recent experiments on the effects of wind on such flames are also reported.
360 citations