A review of power battery thermal energy management
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEVs) and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), are discussed and compared.
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The mathematical models and thermal behavior of the batteries are described. Details of various thermal management techniques, especially the PCMs battery thermal management system and the materials thermal conductivity, are discussed and compared. It is concluded that the EVs, HEVs and FCEVs are effective to reduce GHG and pollutants emission and save energy. At stressful and abuse conditions, especially at high discharge rates and at high operating or ambient temperatures, traditional battery thermal energy management systems, such as air and liquid, may be not meeting the requirements. Pulsating heat pipe may be more effective but needs to be well designed. In addition, progress in developing new high temperature material is very difficult. PCM for battery thermal management is a better selection than others. Nevertheless, thermal conductivity of the PCMs such as paraffin is low and some methods are adopted to enhance the heat transfer of the PCMs. The performance and thermo-mechanical behaviors of the improved PCMs in the battery thermal management system need to be investigated experimentally. And the possibility of the heat collection and recycling needs to be discussed in terms of energy saving and efficient.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided a comprehensive review on the thermal runaway mechanism of the commercial lithium ion battery for electric vehicles, and a three-level protection concept was proposed to help reduce thermal runaway hazard.
1,604 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cold temperatures on the capacity/power fade of Li-ion battery technology are discussed, along with thermal strategies and the ideal approach to cold-temperature operation.
711 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Li-ion battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) including the air, liquid, boiling, heat pipe and solid-liquid phase change based strategies are discussed.
675 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a review on two aspects that are battery thermal model development and thermal management strategies, and discuss thermal effects of lithium-ion batteries in terms of thermal runaway and response under cold temperatures.
Abstract: Power train electrification is promoted as a potential alternative to reduce carbon intensity of transportation. Lithium-ion batteries are found to be suitable for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs), and temperature control on lithium batteries is vital for long-term performance and durability. Unfortunately, battery thermal management (BTM) has not been paid close attention partly due to poor understanding of battery thermal behaviour. Cell performance change dramatically with temperature, but it improves with temperature if a suitable operating temperature window is sustained. This paper provides a review on two aspects that are battery thermal model development and thermal management strategies. Thermal effects of lithium-ion batteries in terms of thermal runaway and response under cold temperatures will be studied, and heat generation methods are discussed with aim of performing accurate battery thermal analysis. In addition, current BTM strategies utilised by automotive suppliers will be reviewed to identify the imposing challenges and critical gaps between research and practice. Optimising existing BTMs and exploring new technologies to mitigate battery thermal impacts are required, and efforts in prioritising BTM should be made to improve the temperature uniformity across the battery pack, prolong battery lifespan, and enhance the safety of large packs.
628 citations
Cites background from "A review of power battery thermal e..."
...Two major problems caused by temperature can be found when it comes to battery cooling: 1) the temperature exceeds permissible levels during charge or discharge; and 2) uneven temperature distribution attributes to a localised deterioration [142]....
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...It can be categorised into passive (only the ambient environment is used) or active (a built-in source provides heating and/or cooling), or based on medium [10, 142, 155]: 1) air for cooling/heating/ventilation; 2) liquid for cooling/heating; 3) phase change materials (PCM); 4) heat pipe for cooling/heating; and 5) combination of 1)-4)....
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TL;DR: In this article, an effective battery thermal management system solution is discussed in terms of the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the batteries and an effective BTMS that complements the disadvantages of each system is discussed.
585 citations
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7,426 citations
TL;DR: The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process.
Abstract: The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.
4,482 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanisms of lithium-ion battery ageing are reviewed and evaluated, and the most promising candidate as the power source for (hybrid) electric vehicles and stationary energy storage.
3,115 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase change problem has been formulated using pure conduction approach but the problem has moved to a different level of complexity with added convection in the melt being accounted for, which makes it difficult for comparison to be made to assess the suitability of PCMs to particular applications.
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of latent heat thermal energy storage systems studied detailing various phase change materials (PCMs) investigated over the last three decades, the heat transfer and enhancement techniques employed in PCMs to effectively charge and discharge latent heat energy and the formulation of the phase change problem. It also examines the geometry and configurations of PCM containers and a series of numerical and experimental tests undertaken to assess the effects of parameters such as the inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF). It is concluded that most of the phase change problems have been carried out at temperature ranges between 0 °C and 60 °C suitable for domestic heating applications. In terms of problem formulation, the common approach has been the use of enthalpy formulation. Heat transfer in the phase change problem was previously formulated using pure conduction approach but the problem has moved to a different level of complexity with added convection in the melt being accounted for. There is no standard method (such as British Standards or EU standards) developed to test for PCMs, making it difficult for comparison to be made to assess the suitability of PCMs to particular applications. A unified platform such as British Standards, EU standards needs to be developed to ensure same or similar procedure and analysis (performance curves) to allow comparison and knowledge gained from one test to be applied to another.
1,630 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model of the solid polymer-electrolyte fuel cell is presented to investigate factors that limit cell performance and elucidate the mechanism of species transport in the complex network of gas, liquid, and solid phases of the cell.
Abstract: This paper presents a mathematical model of the solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell and apply it to (i) investigate factors that limit cell performance and (ii) elucidate the mechanism of species transport in the complex network of gas, liquid, and solid phases of the cell. Calculations of cell polarization behavior compare favorably with existing experimental data. For most practical electrode thicknesses, model results indicate that the volume fraction of the cathode available for gas transport must exceed 20% in order to avoid unacceptably low cell-limiting current densities. It is shown that membrane dehydration can also pose limitations on operating current density; circumvention of this problem by appropriate membrane and electrode design and efficient water-management schemes is discussed. The authors' model results indicate that for a broad range of practical current densities there are no external water requirements because the water produced at the cathode is enough to satisfy the water requirement of the membrane.
1,313 citations