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Journal ArticleDOI

A review of procedures for the analysis and design of concrete structures to resist missile impact effects

01 May 1976-Nuclear Engineering and Design (North-Holland)-Vol. 37, Iss: 2, pp 183-203
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a hard impact on a concrete barrier wall are discussed. But this paper only deals with the effect of "hard" missile impact and does not deal with the impact on "soft" barrier walls.
About: This article is published in Nuclear Engineering and Design.The article was published on 1976-05-01. It has received 358 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Missile & Projectile.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of loading rate, hydrostatic pressure and microstructural heterogeneity on the load-carrying capacities of concrete and mortar were investigated using split Hopkinson pressure bar and plate impact.

604 citations


Cites background from "A review of procedures for the anal..."

  • ...Kennedy [28] and Barr [29] have provided guidelines for the design and analysis of concrete structures accounting for enhanced dynamic failure resistance....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent research into the penetration and perforation of plates and cylinders by free-flying projectiles travelling at sub-ordnance velocities is presented.

447 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of empirical formulae to predict the penetration depth, scabbing thickness and perforation thickness is presented in both Imperial and SI units and the current status of various design codes is summarized based on a dimensional analysis, dominant non-dimensional parameters that may influence the local impact effects on concrete targets are obtained and then used to present some of the test data Various nose shape factors are compared and a unique definition of the nose shape factor is suggested Analytical models and numerical simulation methods for penetration are summarized Criticisms are made for the current understanding of

411 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the mechanism, the causes, the consequences, and the preventive strategies associated with BLEVEs is presented.

273 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the dimensional analysis of concrete penetration by a non-deformable projectile and an analytical penetration model, two dimensionless numbers, i.e., the impact function I and the geometry function of projectile N are defined and used in a dimensionless formula to predict the penetration depth.

259 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of aircraft accidents is presented to establish the probability of an aircraft hitting a nuclear power plant, based on United States data, and new formulas are proposed to cover the range of parameters encountered in aircraft engine impact.

56 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of aircraft accidents is presented to establish the probability of an aircraft hitting a nuclear power plant, based on United States data, and the authors concluded that the aircraft risk is usually acceptably low for the typical case studied here.
Abstract: Abstract As part of a general probabilistic safety analysis, the risk of structural damage to a nuclear power plant from aircraft crashes has been evaluated in a quantified manner. Frequency distributions of aircraft speed and weight and engine weight were constructed for small and large aircraft and for site locations adjacent to and remote from an airport. Based upon United States data an analysis of aircraft accidents is presented to establish the probability of an aircraft hitting a nuclear power plant. If an aircraft hits a building, either the whole building or just the local component may respond. It is shown that the response of the entire reactor building is negligible, and the damage to specific structural components is of concern. Components of a reactor building may experience structural damage in several modes as a result of an aircraft crash. It is essential that all modes of damage for any particular component are considered to establish the critical mode of damage. Further, depending upon various parameters involved, the critical mode of damage may vary for different components. For the specific case of an aircraft striking a reactor building, three modes of damage could be delineated. The aircraft engine might perforate the structural component. This type of damage is classified as perforation mode of damage . The second mode is classified as collapse mode of damage , where a local collapse of the structural system occurs. The third mode is classified as a cracking mode of damage , where the structural component ceases to function satisfactorily after the impact due to cracking. The 18-inch thick reinforced concrete sidewall of a typical boiling water reactor plant located at the top floor of the reactor building is used as an example. The probability of damage to this sidewall in the perforation and collapse modes is investigated. The results are compared to those obtained for the cracking mode of damage. Available empirical formulas for perforation of concrete are examined, and new formulas are proposed to cover the range of parameters encountered in aircraft engine impact. Uncertainties in formulation are discussed, and the probability of damage by this mode is determined using Monte-Carlo methods. The conditional probability of local collapse of the wall panel is evaluated by using probabilistic approaches and yield line theory. The striking location (and thus the critical yield pattern), moment, and rotational capacities are all treated as random variables. The probabilities of damage under the perforation and collapse modes are approximately of the same order of magnitude. Under the impact of an aircraft, the cracking mode of damage is estimated using elastic analyses. Solutions are obtained using a finite-element idealization and considering the maximum reactive force due to an aircraft strike as a static load. For the 18-inch wall under consideration, it is predicted that the cracking mode of damage occurs much earlier than the other two modes of damage. It is shown that the impact load level predicted for cracking mode of damage is very conservative. After a study of all modes of damage, it is concluded that the aircraft risk is usually acceptably low for the typical case studied here.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1966

48 citations

ReportDOI
30 Sep 1946

46 citations