A Review of Seismic Vulnerability and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures
01 Jan 2021-pp 23-35
TL;DR: In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is reviewed, with emphasis on non-seismically designed RC buildings, and existing seismic retrofitting methods are also presented through the perspective of level of intervention.
Abstract: Major earthquake events may cause severe fatalities and injuries, resulting in catastrophic damage to structures. However, less emphasis is given regarding earthquake hazard in low seismic regions. Malaysia and Singapore are in a region with low seismic risks; therefore, earthquake resistance designs are not yet included in most of the buildings. Located a few hundred kilometres away from the major earthquake sources, both countries are prone to distant earthquakes, as well as local earthquakes due to the slight change in seismological condition (seismically active period and movement of tectonic plates). This review paper provides some insights into the seismic activity in different places. Research regarding the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is reviewed, with emphasis on non-seismically designed RC buildings. Existing seismic retrofitting methods are also presented through the perspective of level of intervention.
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TL;DR: In this article, a finite element method based numerical model encompassing fiber-beam element model, multilayer shell model, and elemental deactivation technique is proposed to predict the collapse process of high-rise buildings subjected to extreme earthquake.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Collapse resistance of high-rise buildings has become a research focus because of the frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes and terrorist attacks in recent years. Research development has demonstrated that numerical simulation is becoming one of the most powerful tools for collapse analysis in addition to the conventional laboratory model tests and post-earthquake investigations. In this paper, a finite element method based numerical model encompassing fiber-beam element model, multilayer shell model, and elemental deactivation technique is proposed to predict the collapse process of high-rise buildings subjected to extreme earthquake. The potential collapse processes are simulated for a simple 10-story RC frame and two existing RC high-rise buildings of 18-story and 20-story frame–core tube systems. The influences of different failure criteria used are discussed in some detail. The analysis results indicate that the proposed numerical model is capable of simulating the collapse process of existing high-rise buildings by identifying potentially weak components of the structure that may induce collapse. The study outcome will be beneficial to aid further development of optimal design philosophy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
192 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of reinforced concrete beam-column joints under cyclic loading was investigated and the energy dissipation capacity of various FRP configurations was compared with the undamaged specimens.
159 citations
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24 May 2010TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a program for Spectral analysis in MATLAB for multi-Support Excitation (SISO) systems with single-point and multi-Point Excitations.
Abstract: Preface. 1 Seismology. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Seismic Waves. 1.3 Earthquake Measurement Parameters. 1.4 Measurement of an Earthquake. 1.5 Modification of Earthquakes Due to the Nature of the Soil. 1.6 Seismic Hazard Analysis. 2 Seismic Inputs for Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Time History Records. 2.3 Frequency Contents of Ground Motion. 2.4 Power Spectral Density Function of Ground Motion. 2.5 Response Spectrum of Earthquake. 2.6 Generation of Synthetic Accelerograms. 2.7 Prediction of Seismic Input Parameters. 3 Response Analysis for Specified Ground Motions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equation of Motion for a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System. 3.3 Equations of Motion for a Multi-Degrees of Freedom (MDOF) System. 3.4 Response Analysis for Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System. 3.5 Response Analysis for Multi-Degrees of Freedom (MDOF) Systems. 4 Frequency Domain Spectral Analysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Stationary Random Process. 4.3 Fourier Series and Fourier Integral. 4.4 Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation Functions. 4.5 Power Spectral Density Function (Sxx) and Cross Power Spectral Density Function (Sxy). 4.6 Power Spectral Density Function (PSDF) Matrix. 4.7 PSDFs and Cross PSDFs of the Derivatives of the Process. 4.8 Single Input Single Output System (SISO). 4.9 MDOF System with Single-Point and Multi-Point Excitations. 4.10 PSDF Matrix of Member End Forces. 4.11 Modal Spectral Analysis. 4.12 Spectral Analysis Using the State-Space Formulation. 4.13 Steps for Developing a Program for Spectral Analysis in MATLABfor Multi-Support Excitation. 5 Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concept of Equivalent Lateral Force and Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.3 Response Spectrum Analysis for Single-Point Excitation. 5.4 Response Spectrum Analysis for Multi-Support Excitations. 5.5 Cascaded Analysis of Secondary Systems using Response Spectrum Method. 5.6 Approximate Modal Response Spectrum Method of Analysis. 5.7 Seismic Coefficient Method. 5.8 Comparison of Some Code Provisions Prescribed by Different Earthquake Codes. 6 Inelastic Seismic Response of Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Non-Linear Analysis of Structures for Earthquake Forces. 6.3 Inelastic Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Storey Building Frames. 6.4 Pushover Analysis. 6.5 Concepts of Ductility and Inelastic Response Spectrum. 6.6 Ductility in a Multi-Storey Structure. 7 Seismic Soil Structure Interaction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Wave Propagation through Soil. 7.3 One-Dimensional Wave Propagation and Ground Response Analysis. 7.4 2D or 3D Response Analysis in the Time Domain. 7.5 Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction. 7.5.1 Bounded Problem and Idealization of Realistic Problems. 7.6 Soil Pile Structure Interaction. 7.7 Seismic Analysis of Buried Structures. 8 Seismic Reliability Analysis of Structures. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Uncertainties. 8.3 Formulation of the Reliability Problem. 8.4 Methods of Finding Probabilities of Failure. 8.5 Seismic Reliability Analysis. 9 Seismic Control of Structures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Base Isolation. 9.3 Base Isolators and their Characteristics. 9.4 Analysis of Base Isolated Buildings. 9.5 Design of Base Isolated Buildings. 9.6 Tuned Mass Damper. 9.7 Viscoelastic Dampers. 9.8 Active Structural Control. 9.9 Active Control Algorithms. 9.10 Semi-Active Control. Exercise Problems. References. Index.
150 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of various types of retrofitting methods for unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is presented, and the comparison of the different methods is based on economy, sustainability and buildability.
Abstract: Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are common throughout Latin America, the Himalayan region, Eastern Europe, Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia. It has been observed that these buildings cannot withstand the lateral loads imposed by an earthquake and often fails, in a brittle manner. Methods for retrofitting URM buildings to increase the time required for collapse and also to improve the overall strength widely vary. This review has collated information on various types of retrofitting methods either under research or early implementation. Furthermore, these methods are categorized and critically analyzed to help further understand which methods are most suitable for future research or application in developing countries. The comparison of the different methods is based on economy, sustainability and buildability and provides a useful insight. The study may provide useful guidance to policy makers, planners, designers, architects and engineers in choosing a suitable retrofitting methodology.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of steel bracing systems for retrofitting seismically inadequate reinforced concrete frames is examined, and an analytical study is performed to gain understanding into the behavior of a braced frame under cyclic lateral loading, particularly frames with weak short columns.
Abstract: The use of steel bracing systems for retrofitting seismically inadequate reinforced concrete frames is examined. Diagonal bracing provides an excellent approach for strengthening and stiffening existing buildings for lateral forces. A variety of retrofitting objectives, ranging from drift control to collapse prevention, can be achieved. The designer can determine the force path in the retrofitted structure and adjust the strength and stiffness as needed. An analytical study is performed to gain understanding into the behavior of a braced frame under cyclic lateral loading, particularly frames with weak short columns. Inelastic buckling of the braces influences detrimentally the inelastic cyclic behavior of a braced frame. Instability can be prevented by using braces that yield in compression or buckle elastically at low axial loads. The advantages of altering beams of a braced frame with weak short columns are described. The beam strength can be reduced to produce a more favorable (ductile) frame failure mechanism. Combining bracing with beam alterations can significantly improve inelastic behavior of the braced frame.
141 citations