A review on phase change energy storage: materials and applications
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the phase change materials (PCM) and their application in energy storage is presented, where the main advantages of encapsulation are providing large heat transfer area, reduction of the PCMs reactivity towards the outside environment and controlling the changes in volume of the storage materials as phase change occurs.
About: This article is published in Energy Conversion and Management.The article was published on 2004-06-01. It has received 2636 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Thermal energy storage & Energy storage.
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TL;DR: In this article, the most common methods described in the literature for the production of microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) are interfacial polymerization, suspension polymerization and spray drying.
Abstract: Microencapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of enhancing their thermal conductivity and preventing possible interaction with the surrounding and leakage during the melting process, where there is no complete overview of the several methods and techniques for microencapsulation of different kinds of PCMs that leads to microcapsules with different morphology, structure, and thermal properties. In this paper, microencapsulation methods are perused and classified into three categories, i.e. physical, physic-chemical, and chemical methods. It summarizes the techniques used for microencapsulation of PCMs and hence provides a useful tool for the researchers working in this area. Among all the microencapsulation methods, the most common methods described in the literature for the production of microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) are interfacial polymerization, suspension polymerization, coacervation, emulsion polymerization, and spray drying.
650 citations
TL;DR: The use of a latent heat storage system using Phase Change Materials (PCM) is an effective way of storing thermal energy (solar energy, off-peak electricity, industrial waste heat) and has the advantages of high storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The use of a latent heat storage system using Phase Change Materials (PCM) is an effective way of storing thermal energy (solar energy, off-peak electricity, industrial waste heat) and has the advantages of high storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. It has been demonstrated that, for the development of a latent heat storage system, choice of the PCM plays an important role in addition to heat transfer mechanism. The information on the latent heat storage materials and systems is enormous and published widely in the literatures. In this paper, we make an effort to gather the information from the previous works on PCMs and latent heat storage systems. This review will help to find a suitable PCM for various purposes a suitable heat exchanger with ways to enhance the heat transfer, and it will also help to provide a variety of designs to store the heat using PCMs for different applications, i.e. space heating & cooling, solar cooking, greenhouses, solar water heating and waste heat recovery systems. Measurement techniques of thermophysical properties, studies on thermal cycles for long term stability, corrosion of the PCMs and enhancement of heat transfer in PCM are discussed. New PCM innovations are also included for the awareness of new applications. This paper contains a list of about 250 PCMs and more than 250 references.
638 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method for thermofluids and energy applications, focusing on multiphase flows, thermal flows and thermal multi-phase flows with phase change, is provided in this paper.
618 citations
Cites background from "A review on phase change energy sto..."
...4 Energy storage with phase change materials In recent years, phase change materials have attracted significant attention due to their ability to store thermal energy and have been widely used in thermal energy storage systems [358, 364-368] for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage applications is presented, where the morphology of particles is identified as a key influencing factor on the thermal and chemical stability and the mechanical strength of encapsulated PCMs.
Abstract: Various types of solid–liquid phase change materials (PCMs) have been reviewed for thermal energy storage applications. The review has shown that organic solid–liquid PCMs have much more advantages and capabilities than inorganic PCMs but do possess low thermal conductivity and density as well as being flammable. Inorganic PCMs possess higher heat storage capacities and conductivities, cheaper and readily available as well as being non-flammable, but do experience supercooling and phase segregation problems during phase change process. The review has also shown that eutectic PCMs have unique advantage since their melting points can be adjusted. In addition, they have relatively high thermal conductivity and density but they possess low latent and specific heat capacities. Encapsulation technologies and shell materials have also been examined and limitations established. The morphology of particles was identified as a key influencing factor on the thermal and chemical stability and the mechanical strength of encapsulated PCMs. In general, in-situ polymerization method appears to offer the best technological approach in terms of encapsulation efficiency and structural integrity of core material. There is however the need for the development of enhancement methods and standardization of testing procedures for microencapsulated PCMs.
614 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of enhancement techniques on the thermal response of the PCM in terms of phase change rate and amount of latent heat stored/retrieved has been addressed as a main aspect.
Abstract: Phase change material (PCM) based latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) systems offer a challenging option to be employed as an effective energy storage and retrieval device. The performance of LHTS systems is limited by the poor thermal conductivity of PCMs employed. Successful large-scale utilization of LHTS systems thus depends on the extent to which the performance can be improved. A great deal of work both experimental and theoretical on different performance enhancement techniques has been reported in the literature. This paper reviews the implementation of those techniques in different configurations of LHTS systems. The influence of enhancement techniques on the thermal response of the PCM in terms of phase change rate and amount of latent heat stored/retrieved has been addressed as a main aspect. Issues related to mathematical modeling of LHTS systems employing enhancement techniques are also discussed.
608 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the history of thermal energy storage with solid-liquid phase change has been carried out and three aspects have been the focus of this review: materials, heat transfer and applications.
4,019 citations
"A review on phase change energy sto..." refers background in this paper
...Insufficient long term stability of the storage materials is due to two factors: poor stability of the materials properties and/or corrosion between the PCM and the container [29]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the melting and freezing behavior of various heat-of-fusion storage materials is investigated using the techniques of Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
1,455 citations
"A review on phase change energy sto..." refers background in this paper
...(b) Latent heat of melting of non-paraffin organic compounds [4]....
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...(c) Latent heat of melting/mass of inorganic compounds [4]....
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...1(a–e), as reported by Abhat [4]....
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...(a) Latent heat of melting of paraffin compounds [4]....
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...(d) Latent heat of melting/volume of inorganic compounds [4]....
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Book•
29 Apr 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of thermal energy storage systems and their application in the context of thermal engineering, including thermal transfer with phase change in simple and complex geometries.
Abstract: List of Contributors.Acknowledgements.Preface.General Introductory Aspects for Thermal Engineering. Energy Storage Systems. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods. Thermal Energy Storage and Environmental Impact. Thermal Energy Storage and Energy Savings. Heat Transfer and Stratification in Sensible Heat Storage Systems. Modeling of Latent Heat Storage Systems. Heat Transfer with Phase Change in Simple and Complex Geometries. Thermodynamic Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Thermal Energy Storage Case Studies.Appendix A -- Conversion Factors.Appendix B -- Thermophysical Properties.Appendix C -- Glossary.Subject Index.
1,307 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1974
1,203 citations
"A review on phase change energy sto..." refers background in this paper
...The design of sensible heat storage units is well described in textbooks [1,2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the development of available thermal energy storage (TES) technologies and their individual pros and cons for space and water heating applications are reviewed and compared for low temperature applications, where water is used as a storage medium.
1,156 citations