A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influence of Anodization Parameters, Formation Mechanism, Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and Biomedical Applications
07 Oct 2015-Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion (Springer International Publishing)-Vol. 1, Iss: 4, pp 1-22
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of anodization parameters on the formation of tubes, tube dimensions, formation mechanism, properties of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT), and their applications in biomedical field are reviewed.
Abstract: In this article, influence of anodization parameters on the formation of tubes, tube dimensions, formation mechanism, properties of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT), and their applications in biomedical field are reviewed. The fabrication of TNT of a different shape such as pore size, length, and wall thickness by varying anodization parameters including electrolytes, pH, voltage, electrolyte bath temperature, and current density is examined and discussed. The crystallographic nature of the nanotube obtained by various methods has also been discussed. Finally, the article concludes by examining the key properties including the corrosion aspect and various applications in biomedical field in depth.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nanoparticles and 1D nanostructures on the catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 catalysts for photo-oxidation of methanol fuel cells was investigated.
Abstract: Platinum and platinum-based electrocatalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) are commonly used as the anode material in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Photo-oxidation promoted by ultraviolet and visible light is a promising method to increase the catalytic activity of DMFC anode electrocatalysts. Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic methanol oxidation can be coupled by addition of TiO2, a semiconductor photocatalyst, to Pt. In the presence of TiO2, an increase of the MOR activity of Pt-based electrocatalysts takes place also in dark conditions. This review deals with the methanol photo-oxidation on Pt/TiO2 catalysts, highlighting the effect of TiO2 morphology, nanoparticles, or 1D nanostructures, on the MOR activity under illumination. Comparison of reaction mechanisms in the presence and the absence of light are presented, and the roles of Pt and TiO2 during electrochemical and photochemical reactions are discussed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the corrosion resistance of the passive layers on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V and β-type Ti alloys in the human body environment by reviewing relevant literature research contributions.
Abstract: The high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and great biocompatibility make titanium and its alloys the ideal materials for biomedical metallic implants. Ti-6Al-4V alloy is the most employed in practical biomedical applications because of the excellent combination of strength, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance. However, recent studies have demonstrated some limits in biocompatibility due to the presence of toxic Al and V. Consequently, scientific literature has reported novel biomedical β-Ti alloys containing biocompatible β-stabilizers (such as Mo, Ta, and Zr) studying the possibility to obtain similar performances to the Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The aim of this review is to highlight the corrosion resistance of the passive layers on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V and β-type Ti alloys in the human body environment by reviewing relevant literature research contributions. The discussion is focused on all those factors that influence the performance of the passive layer at the surface of the alloy subjected to electrochemical corrosion, among which the alloy composition, the method selected to grow the oxide coating, and the physicochemical conditions of the body fluid are the most significant.
80 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a new route for the synthesis of a nanotube made of titanium oxide is presented, where needle-shaped TiO2 crystals (anatase phase) with a diameter of 8 nm and a length of 100 nm were obtained when sol−gel-derived fine TiO 2-based powders were treated chemically with a 5−10 M NaOH aqueous solution.
Abstract: Nanotubes composed of various materials such as carbon, boron nitride, and oxides have been studied recently. In this report, the discovery of a new route for the synthesis of a nanotube made of titanium oxide is presented. Needle-shaped TiO2 crystals (anatase phase) with a diameter of ≈8 nm and a length of ≈100 nm were obtained when sol−gel-derived fine TiO2-based powders were treated chemically (e.g., for 20 h at 110 °C) with a 5−10 M NaOH aqueous solution. It was found by observation using a transmission electron microscope that the needle-shaped products have a tube structure. The TiO2 nanotubes have a large specific surface area of ≈400 m2·g-1. TiO2 nanotubes obtained in the present work are anticipated to have great potential for use in the preparation of catalysts, adsorbants, and deodorants with high activities, because their specific surface area is greatly increased. If metallic-, inorganic-, or organic-based materials can be inserted into the TiO2 nanotubes, novel characteristics such as electr...
2,335 citations
"A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influen..." refers background in this paper
...The TNT is able to cross karyotheca and enter the nucleus, hence, it is a promising future nanovehicle for DNA-targeting drugs in cancer therapy [236, 237]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the average tube diameter, ranging in size from 25 to 65 nm, was found to increase with increasing anodizing voltage, while the length of the tube was found independent of anodization time.
Abstract: Titanium oxide nanotubes were fabricated by anodic oxidation of a pure titanium sheet in an aqueous solution containing 0.5 to 3.5 wt% hydrofluoric acid. These tubes are well aligned and organized into high-density uniform arrays. While the tops of the tubes are open, the bottoms of the tubes are closed, forming a barrier layer structure similar to that of porous alumina. The average tube diameter, ranging in size from 25 to 65 nm, was found to increase with increasing anodizing voltage, while the length of the tube was found independent of anodization time. A possible growth mechanism is presented.
1,975 citations
"A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influen..." refers background in this paper
...However, smooth curves were obtained at all voltages in the glycerol (organic) electrolytes, whereas current fluctuations were observed in aqueous electrolyte which is due to the high rate of chemical dissolution and the oxidation of Ti [137]....
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...The structure of nanotube is lost at anodizing voltage greater than 40 V, and a sponge like randomly porous structure was formed [137]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication, properties, and solar energy applications of highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation of titanium in fluoride-based electrolytes are reviewed.
1,905 citations
"A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influen..." refers background in this paper
...This phenomenon indicated that Ca-TNTs induced excellent bone tissue regeneration at implantation [222]....
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TL;DR: The preparation of vertically grown carbon-doped TiO(2) (TiO( 2-x)C(x) nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for maximizing the photocleavage of water under white-light irradiation showed much higher photocurrent densities and more efficient water splitting under visible-light illumination than pure TiO (2) nanOTube arrays.
Abstract: The photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar light is a potentially clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel.1,2 There has been extensive investigation into metal-oxide semiconductors such as TiO2, WO3, and Fe2O3, which can be used as photoanodes in thin-film form.3-5 Of the materials being developed for photoanodes, TiO2 remains one of the most promising because of its low cost, chemical inertness, and photostability.6 However, the widespread technological use of TiO2 is hindered by its low utilization of solar energy in the visible region. In this study, we report the preparation of vertically grown carbon-doped TiO2 (TiO2-xCx) nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for maximizing the photocleavage of water under white-light irradiation. The synthesized TiO2-xCx nanotube arrays showed much higher photocurrent densities and more efficient water splitting under visible-light illumination (> 420 nm) than pure TiO2 nanotube arrays. The total photocurrent was more than 20 t...
1,626 citations
"A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influen..." refers background in this paper
...Figure 12 shows the contact angle image of TNT which showed super wettability for TNT [121]....
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TL;DR: The results of the present study provided the first evidence of enhanced long-term (on the order of days to weeks) functions of osteoblasts cultured on nanophase ceramics, and clearly represent a unique and promising class of orthopaedic/dental implant formulations with improved osseointegrative properties.
1,275 citations
"A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influen..." refers background in this paper
...This is likely to continue positively to the health of the growing cell [220, 221]....
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