A scoping review of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in building performance diagnostic inspections
TL;DR: A scoping literature review of select Non-destructive Testing techniques for building envelope scanning and surveying for thermodynamic diagnostics is presented, discussing possibilities of utilizing NDT in large-scale audit automation, BEM integration, and developing built environment policies focusing on increasing existing building performance through retrofitting design.
About: This article is published in Construction and Building Materials.The article was published on 2020-12-30 and is currently open access. It has received 50 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Building envelope & ASHRAE 90.1.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe some of the common techniques used in manufacturing processes such as casting, rolling, forging, extrusion, material removal and material removal processes, etc.
Abstract: Manufacturing processes such as casting, rolling, forging, extrusion, material removal processes, etc are some of the common techniques used today in manufacturing industries However, these proce
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a comprehensive review about the applicability of non-destructive techniques (NDT) and advanced modeling technologies for the diagnosis of heritage buildings is presented, considering a time span of two decades (2001-2021).
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of building structures integrated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) was applied to the Tabernacle Chapel; a building included in the northwest wing of the Cathedral of Seville complex.
Abstract: One of the major problems faced by historic cities today involves the conservation of heritage buildings. Damage suffered by these buildings can be irreversible and fast-acting, leading to their disappearance over a short period. The study and analysis of the origin of the damage suffered by these buildings have proved themselves to be key to their conservation. Non-destructive testing (NDT) can detect problems indiscernible to the naked eye, thereby preventing potential losses. In this paper, a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of building structures integrated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) was applied to the Tabernacle Chapel; a building included in the northwest wing of the Cathedral of Seville complex. Despite the many interventions carried out to date, the issue of the chapel's deterioration has yet to be entirely solved. This research describes the results of a detailed constructive and structural diagnosis methodology for heritage buildings. The data provided from NDT methods, such as Digital Image Processing (DIP), Infrared Thermography (IRT), Laser Levelling (LL), Ambient Vibration Testing (AVT), and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), has been verified and integrated as boundary conditions in a 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) in order to establish the critical points of the structure, including the failure mechanisms. The results led to the conclusion that the main causes of deterioration involved the settling of the grandstand built in the northwest sector of the building and the effects of the thrusts of the dome on the lateral facades. An integrated implementation methodology of NDT and FEM has enabled accurate knowledge to be ascertained of the principal damage affecting this heritage building.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a comprehensive review on the use of infrared thermography to detect delamination on infrastructures and buildings is provided, and the factors affecting the accuracy and detectability of infrared thermal imaging are consolidated and discussed.
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review on the use of infrared thermography to detect delamination on infrastructures and buildings. Approximately 200 pieces of relevant literature were evaluated, and their findings were summarized. The factors affecting the accuracy and detectability of infrared thermography were consolidated and discussed. Necessary measures to effectively capture latent defects at the early stage of delamination before crack formation were investigated. The results of this study could be used as the benchmarks for setting standardized testing criteria as well as for comparison of results for future works on the use of infrared thermography for detection of delamination on infrastructures and buildings.
24 citations
TL;DR: The application of emerging technologies on the diagnosis and anamneses of building’s facade, in order to automatise the collection of reliable on-site data and, thus, reduce the uncertainty of the diagnosis.
Abstract: The diagnosis of the building’s facades pathology is extremely important to support rational and technically informed decisions regarding maintenance and rehabilitation actions With a reliable diagnosis, the probable causes of the anomalies can be correctly identified, and the correction measures adopted can be more compatible with the existing elements, promoting the durability of the facades Visual inspection is the most common approach to identify anomalies in a building’s facade and, in many cases, this technique is sufficient to support the decision to intervene However, the pathological phenomenon is complex, and the anomalies observed may indicate the presence of other defects, or some anomalies may not be visible in a simple visual observation This study intends to discuss the application of emerging technologies on the diagnosis and anamneses of building’s facade, in order to automatise the collection of reliable on-site data and, thus, reduce the uncertainty of the diagnosis The use of these techniques can help existing inspection methodologies, already tested, based mainly on the visual assessment of the buildings’ elements degradation condition
18 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, high-resolution terrestrial lidar acquisition, processing, interpretation, and visualization are discussed and applied to mapping of geological surfaces in 3D dimensions using 3D Digital Outcrop Models (DOMs).
Abstract: Laser ranging is extremely accurate and efficient. Terrestrial scanning lidar (light detection and ranging) applied to outcrop stratigraphic mapping enables researchers to capture laser range data at a rate of thousands of individual X, Y, Z and laser-intensity points per second. These data, in conjunction with complementary remotely and directly sampled data, are used to conduct high-precision facies characterization and to construct 3D geological computer models. Outcrop data are presented here to explain our workflow and to discuss the construction of rock-based 3D Digital Outcrop Models (DOMs). Reproducibility and quantification are the drivers of this methodology. High-resolution terrestrial lidar acquisition, processing, interpretation, and visualization are discussed and applied to mapping of geological surfaces in three dimensions. Laser-generated models offer scientists an unprecedented visualization medium in a quantitative 3D arena. Applications of this technology include constructing and visualizing complex 3D Earth models from outcrops for improved reservoir modeling, flow simulation in hydrocarbon and aquifer systems, and property modeling to constrain forward seismic modeling.
389 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that even with the low ambient temperatures experienced in Europe it is possible to use infrared thermography to identify correctly known areas of delamination in a concrete bridge structure and also to investigate the internal structure of a masonry bridge.
Abstract: Within recent years there has been an increase in the use of NDT methods to detect defects and anomalies in various civil engineering structures. Infrared thermography, which has been successfully used in the USA in civil engineering applications, is being increasingly applied in the UK as an NDT technique. For example, the technique is now included in the Building Regulations for the assessment of thermal insulation for all new non-domestic buildings from April 2002. One of the perceived limitations of infrared thermography is that in temperate climates it is too cold to use this technique since there is rarely the extreme solar exposure that has enabled the successful use of thermography to detect render debonding and concrete spalling utilising solar heating. However, with the advancements in modern technology it is now possible to detect smaller changes in temperature (down to 0.08 °C). This paper shows that even with the low ambient temperatures experienced in Europe it is possible to use infrared thermography to identify correctly known areas of delamination in a concrete bridge structure and also to investigate the internal structure of a masonry bridge.
359 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various literature that addresses this topic is presented, followed by the identification of a standard procedures for operating a UAS for energy audit missions, and a discussion of the findings suggests refining procedure accuracy through further empirical experimentation, as a step towards standardizing the automation of building envelope inspection.
265 citations
TL;DR: Good correlation between annotated and detected symptomatic surface per plant was obtained, meaning slightly symptomatic plants can be efficiently separated from severely attacked plants, and efficiency of simple transfer learning approaches without the need to design an ad-hoc specific feature extractor is demonstrated.
Abstract: Grapevine wood fungal diseases such as esca are among the biggest threats in vineyards nowadays. The lack of very efficient preventive (best results using commercial products report 20% efficiency) and curative means induces huge economic losses. The study presented in this paper is centered around the in-field detection of foliar esca symptoms during summer, exhibiting a typical “striped” pattern. Indeed, in-field disease detection has shown great potential for commercial applications and has been successfully used for other agricultural needs such as yield estimation. Differentiation with foliar symptoms caused by other diseases or abiotic stresses was also considered. Two vineyards from the Bordeaux region (France, Aquitaine) were chosen as the basis for the experiment. Pictures of diseased and healthy vine plants were acquired during summer 2017 and labeled at the leaf scale, resulting in a patch database of around 6000 images (224 × 224 pixels) divided into red cultivar and white cultivar samples. Then, we tackled the classification part of the problem comparing state-of-the-art SIFT encoding and pre-trained deep learning feature extractors for the classification of database patches. In the best case, 91% overall accuracy was obtained using deep features extracted from MobileNet network trained on ImageNet database, demonstrating the efficiency of simple transfer learning approaches without the need to design an ad-hoc specific feature extractor. The third part aimed at disease detection (using bounding boxes) within full plant images. For this purpose, we integrated the deep learning base network within a “one-step” detection network (RetinaNet), allowing us to perform detection queries in real time (approximately six frames per second on GPU). Recall/Precision (RP) and Average Precision (AP) metrics then allowed us to evaluate the performance of the network on a 91-image (plants) validation database. Overall, 90% precision for a 40% recall was obtained while best esca AP was about 70%. Good correlation between annotated and detected symptomatic surface per plant was also obtained, meaning slightly symptomatic plants can be efficiently separated from severely attacked plants.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend TLS to the application of damage detection and volumetric change analysis for a full-scale structural test specimen, which provides a framework necessary for such applications, in combination with an analysis approach that does not require tedious development of complex surfaces.
Abstract: Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides a rapid, remote sensing technique to model 3D objects. Previous work applying TLS to structural analysis has demonstrated its effectiveness in capturing simple beam deflections and modeling existing structures. This paper extends TLS to the application of damage detection and volumetric change analysis for a full-scale structural test specimen. Importantly, it provides a framework necessary for such applications, in combination with an analysis approach that does not require tedious development of complex surfaces. Intuitive slicing analysis methods are presented, which can be automated for rapid generation of results. In comparison with conventional photographic and surface analysis methods, the proposed approach proved consistent. Furthermore, the TLS data provided additional insight into geometric change not apparent using conventional methods. As with any digital record, a key benefit to the proposed approach is the resulting virtual test specimen, which is available for posttest analysis long after the original specimen is demolished. Uncertainties that can be introduced from large TLS data sets, mixed pixels and parallax in the TLS analysis are also discussed.
246 citations