A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum
01 Feb 1966-Vol. 54, Iss: 2, pp 329-330
About: The article was published on 1966-02-01. It has received 2440 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Phase noise & Oscillator phase noise.
Citations
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TL;DR: The WINS network represents a new monitoring and control capability for applications in such industries as transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental oversight, and safety and security, and opportunities depend on development of a scalable, low-cost, sensor-network architecture.
Abstract: W ireless integrated network sensors (WINS) provide distributed network and Internet access to sensors, controls, and processors deeply embedded in equipment, facilities, and the environment. The WINS network represents a new monitoring and control capability for applications in such industries as transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental oversight, and safety and security. WINS combine microsensor technology and low-power signal processing, computation, and low-cost wireless networking in a compact system. Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have enabled construction of far more capable yet inexpensive sensors, radios, and processors, allowing mass production of sophisticated systems linking the physical world to digital data networks [2–5]. Scales range from local to global for applications in medicine, security, factory automation, environmental monitoring, and condition-based maintenance. Compact geometry and low cost allow WINS to be embedded and distributed at a fraction of the cost of conventional wireline sensor and actuator systems. WINS opportunities depend on development of a scalable, low-cost, sensor-network architecture. Such applications require delivery of sensor information to the user at a low bit rate through low-power transceivers. Continuous sensor signal processing enables the constant monitoring of events in an environment in which short message packets would suffice. Future applications of distributed embedded processors and sensors will require vast numbers of devices. Conventional methods of sensor networking represent an impractical demand on cable installation and network bandwidth. Processing at the source would drastically reduce the financial, computational, and management burden on communication system
3,415 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general model is introduced which is capable of making accurate, quantitative predictions about the phase noise of different types of electrical oscillators by acknowledging the true periodically time-varying nature of all oscillators.
Abstract: A general model is introduced which is capable of making accurate, quantitative predictions about the phase noise of different types of electrical oscillators by acknowledging the true periodically time-varying nature of all oscillators. This new approach also elucidates several previously unknown design criteria for reducing close-in phase noise by identifying the mechanisms by which intrinsic device noise and external noise sources contribute to the total phase noise. In particular, it explains the details of how 1/f noise in a device upconverts into close-in phase noise and identifies methods to suppress this upconversion. The theory also naturally accommodates cyclostationary noise sources, leading to additional important design insights. The model reduces to previously available phase noise models as special cases. Excellent agreement among theory, simulations, and measurements is observed.
2,270 citations
Cites background or methods from "A simple model of feedback oscillat..."
...Hence, this approach represents no fundamental improvement over the method outlined in [ 3 ]....
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...Hence, as mentioned in [ 3 ], and are usually used as a posteriori fitting parameters on measured data....
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...The semi-empirical model proposed in [1]‐[ 3 ], known also as the Leeson‐Cutler phase noise model, is based on an LTI assumption for tuned tank oscillators....
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...Assuming that the total noise contribution in a parallel tank oscillator can be modeled using an excess noise factor as in [ 3 ], (29) together with (24) result in (6)....
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...In particular, consider the model for LC oscillators in [ 3 ], as well as the more comprehensive presentation of [8]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a solid foundation for phase noise that is valid for any oscillator, regardless of operating mechanism, and established novel results about the dynamics of stable nonlinear oscillators in the presence of perturbations, both deterministic and random.
Abstract: Phase noise is a topic of theoretical and practical interest in electronic circuits, as well as in other fields, such as optics. Although progress has been made in understanding the phenomenon, there still remain significant gaps, both in its fundamental theory and in numerical techniques for its characterization. In this paper, we develop a solid foundation for phase noise that is valid for any oscillator, regardless of operating mechanism. We establish novel results about the dynamics of stable nonlinear oscillators in the presence of perturbations, both deterministic and random. We obtain an exact nonlinear equation for phase error, which we solve without approximations for random perturbations. This leads us to a precise characterization of timing jitter and spectral dispersion, for computing of which we have developed efficient numerical methods. We demonstrate our techniques on a variety of practical electrical oscillators and obtain good matches with measurements, even at frequencies close to the carrier, where previous techniques break down. Our methods are more than three orders of magnitude faster than the brute-force Monte Carlo approach, which is the only previously available technique that can predict phase noise correctly.
1,226 citations
Cites background from "A simple model of feedback oscillat..."
...Most investigations of electronic oscillators aim to provide insight into frequency-domain properties of phase noise in order to develop rules for designing practical oscillators; well-known references include [ 2 ]‐[6]....
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15 Feb 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors briefly cover case studies in the use of direct-conversion receivers and transmitters and summarizes some of the key problems in their implementations, which arise from more appropriate circuit design and exploiting system characteristics, such as the modulation format in the system.
Abstract: Direct-conversion is an alternative wireless receiver architecture to the well-established superheterodyne, particularly for highly integrated, low-power terminals. Its fundamental advantage is that the received signal is amplified and filtered at baseband rather than at some high intermediate frequency. This means lower current drain in the amplifiers and active filters and a simpler task of image-rejection. There is considerable interest to use it in digital cellular telephones and miniature radio messaging systems. This paper briefly covers case studies in the use of direct-conversion receivers and transmitters and summarizes some of the key problems in their implementations. Solutions to these problems arise not only from more appropriate circuit design but also from exploiting system characteristics, such as the modulation format in the system. Baseband digital signal processing must be coupled to the analog front-end to make direct-conversion transceivers a practical reality.
1,060 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase noise in two inductorless CMOS oscillators is analyzed and a new definition of phase noise is defined, and two prototypes fabricated in a 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS technology are used to investigate the accuracy of the theoretical predictions.
Abstract: This paper presents a study of phase noise in two inductorless CMOS oscillators. First-order analysis of a linear oscillatory system leads to a noise shaping function and a new definition of Q. A linear model of CMOS ring oscillators is used to calculate their phase noise, and three phase noise phenomena, namely, additive noise, high-frequency multiplicative noise, and low-frequency multiplicative noise, are identified and formulated. Based on the same concepts, a CMOS relaxation oscillator is also analyzed. Issues and techniques related to simulation of noise in the time domain are described, and two prototypes fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology are used to investigate the accuracy of the theoretical predictions. Compared with the measured results, the calculated phase noise values of a 2-GHz ring oscillator and a 900-MHz relaxation oscillator at 5 MHz offset have an error of approximately 4 dB.
1,012 citations
References
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01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis is presented of the manner in which oscillator short-term instabilities limit performance in a number of applications, and the authors provide guidelines for theoretical formulations, the definition of "short-term stability" and the development of measurement techniques for characterizing short-time instabilities.
Abstract: An analysis is first presented of the manner in which oscillator short-term instabilities limit performance in a number of applications. This analysis provides guidelines for theoretical formulations, the definition of "short-term stability" and the development of measurement techniques for characterizing short-term instabilities. The factors that affect short-term stability are then discussed, and basic models for theoretical analysis are formulated. The models are used in investigations of the characteristics of outputs of "stable" sources. Measurement techniques are proposed and compared with techniques employed by other investigators.
73 citations
01 Jun 1972
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis is presented of the manner in which oscillator short-term instabilities limit performance in a number of applications, and the authors provide guidelines for theoretical formulations, the definition of "short-term stability" and the development of measurement techniques for characterizing short-time instabilities.
Abstract: An analysis is first presented of the manner in which oscillator short-term instabilities limit performance in a number of applications. This analysis provides guidelines for theoretical formulations, the definition of "short-term stability" and the development of measurement techniques for characterizing short-term instabilities. The factors that affect short-term stability are then discussed, and basic models for theoretical analysis are formulated. The models are used in investigations of the characteristics of outputs of "stable" sources. Measurement techniques are proposed and compared with techniques employed by other investigators.
66 citations
01 Jan 1965
2 citations