A Simulation Modeling of Forest Water Supply Under Community-Managed PES Schemes
23 Oct 2019-Water Economics and Policy (World Scientific Publishing Company)-Vol. 05, Iss: 04, pp 1950005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the design of a forestry-based payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme, which improves stream water supply while simultaneously helping conserve forests and supporting live trees.
Abstract: This paper explores the design of a forestry-based payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme, which improves stream water supply while simultaneously helping conserve forests and supporting livel...
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...The forest growth and hydrological models build on Ranjan (2019a, 2019b)....
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...Stream water flow w t( )oak from oak forests is modeled (following Ranjan, 2019b) as follows: ⎛ ⎝⎜ ⎞ ⎠⎟⋅ ⋅ ⋅w t w x t x t w a a w w w( ) = ( ) ( ) + rain; > 0, rain > 0, > 0, > 0, > 0, w woak 0 oak oak 2 0 1 2 1 1 (5) where parameter w0 measures the maximum streamflow per unit area, a total area of…...
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...For estimation of oak and pine biomass growth rates, carbon sequestration rates in Uttarakhand forests, annual fuelwood consumption in the study area and use of lpg among communities, the reader is referred to Ranjan (2019a)....
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...For further details, the reader is referred to Ranjan (2019b)....
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...The biomass in oak trees x t( )oak follows logistic growth (refer to Ranjan, 2019a, for further details), given as follows: ⎛ ⎝⎜ ⎞ ⎠⎟x t ρ x t x t k t h t ρ h t x t˙ ( ) = ( ) 1 − ( ) ( ) − ( ); > 0, ( ) < ( ),oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak (1) where ρoak is the intrinsic growth rate of oak…...
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References
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TL;DR: Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally, and boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms.
Abstract: Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
7,890 citations
TL;DR: In the majority of natural communities succession is frequently interrupted by major disturbances, such as fires, storms, insect plagues, etc., starting the process all over again, but if not interrupted, it eventually reaches a stage in which further change is on a small scale as individuals die and are replaced.
Abstract: The sequence of species observed after a relatively large space is opened up is a consequence of the following mechanisms. "Opportunist" species with broad dispersal powers and rapid growth to maturity usually arrive first and occupy empty space. These species cannot invade and grow in the presence of adults of their own or other species. Several alternative mechanisms may then determine which species replace these early occupants. Three models of such mechanisms have been proposed. The first "facilitation" model suggests that the entry and growth of the later species is dependent upon the earlier species "preparing the ground"; only after this can later species colonize. Evidence in support of this model applies mainly to certain primary successions and in heterotrophic succession. A second "tolerance" model suggests that a predictable sequence is produced by the existence of species that have evolved different strategies for exploiting resources. Later species will be those able to tolerate lower levels...
4,068 citations
TL;DR: Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a mechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services as mentioned in this paper.
2,130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize the information presented, according to case characteristics with respect to design, costs, environmental effectiveness, and other outcomes, and conclude that user-financed PES programs were better targeted, more closely tailored to local conditions and needs, had better monitoring and a greater willingness to enforce conditionality, and had far fewer confounding side objectives than government-funded programs.
1,157 citations
Radboud University Nijmegen1, Erasmus University Rotterdam2, Boğaziçi University3, University of Manchester4, Autonomous University of Barcelona5, University of Vermont6, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University7, National Autonomous University of Mexico8, Autonomous University of Madrid9, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute10, McGill University11, National University of Costa Rica12, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro13, Institut de recherche pour le développement14, Estácio S.A.15, University of California, Berkeley16, University of Cambridge17, Ikerbasque18, University of Valle19, University of Oxford20, Norwegian University of Life Sciences21
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of payments for ecosystem services and the most important challenges they face are discussed, while over-reliance on payments as win-win solutions might lead to ineffective outcomes.
Abstract: In this commentary we critically discuss the suitability of payments for ecosystem services and the most important challenges they face. While such instruments can play a role in improving environmental governance, we argue that over-reliance on payments as win-win solutions might lead to ineffective outcomes, similar to earlier experience with integrated conservation and development projects. Our objective is to raise awareness, particularly among policy makers and practitioners, about the limitations of such instruments and to encourage a dialogue about the policy contexts in which they might be appropriate.
391 citations