scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal Article•DOI•

A Smart Cloud-Based System for the WEEE Recovery/Recycling

Xi Vincent Wang1, Brenda N. Lopez N2, Winifred Ijomah3, Lihui Wang1, Jinhui Li2 •
Royal Institute of Technology1, Tsinghua University2, University of Strathclyde3
09 Jun 2014-Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 137, Iss: 6, pp 061010
TL;DR: A Cloud-based WEEE recovery system is developed to provide modularized recovery services on the Cloud and a product tracking mechanism is also proposed with the help of the Quick Respond code method.
Abstract: Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is both valuable and harmful since it contains a large number of profitable and hazardous materials and elements at the same time. At component level, many parts of the discarded equipment are still functional and recoverable. Thus, it is necessary to develop a distributed and intelligent system to support WEEE component recovery and recycling. In recent years, the Cloud concept has gained increasing popularity since it provides a service-oriented architecture (SOA) that integrates various resources over the network. Cloud manufacturing systems are proposed worldwide to support operational manufacturing processes. In this research, Cloud manufacturing is further extended to the WEEE recovery and recycling context. The Cloud services are applied in WEEE recovery and recycling processes by tracking and management services. These services include all the stakeholders from the beginning to the end of life of the electric and electronic equipment. A Cloud-based WEEE recovery system is developed to provide modularized recovery services on the Cloud. A data management system is developed as well, which maintains the knowledge throughout the product lifecycle. A product tracking mechanism is also proposed with the help of the Quick Respond code method.

Summary (3 min read)

Jump to: [INTRODUCTION] – [SYSTEM FRAMEWORK] – [SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ROLES] – [WR2CLOUD: SYSTEM FRAMEWORK] – [DEVELOPMENT: CLOUD, STANDARDS AND PRODUCT TRACKING MECHANISM] – [WR2CLOUD Standards: APIs for Service Packages, Service Providers and Service Consumers] – [IMPLEMENTATIONS AND CASE STUDIES] – [Case Study 1: Cloud WEEE Management at Product level] and [CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES]

INTRODUCTION

  • The amount of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has grown significantly in recent years, due to increased Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and its shorter lifecycle.
  • The toxicity of these substances is related to the presence of heavy metals and halogenated flame retardants.
  • The EOL processes include the secondary market processing and component recovery (repair, reconditioning, and remanufacturing) or material recovery [14].
  • WEEE are handled not only as a waste, but also as a special category of product that can be re-used through an extended lifecycle [13].
  • A Cloud-based system is developed to support the WEEE recycling and component recovery processes, including remanufacturing, reconditioning and repairing.

SYSTEM FRAMEWORK

  • As mentioned above, an intelligent recovery and recycling system is required to support the management of WEEE at both material and functionality level.
  • The Cloud concept was initially proposed to describe the large number of computers that are connected via runtime communications over a network [17].
  • Then the Cloud was extended to other areas supporting flexible and customized services, e.g. manufacturing.
  • Cloud manufacturing can be understood as the manufacturing model that enables scalable, ondemand access to manufacturing services, both digitally and physically [18].
  • As a specific category of manufacturing, the re-production based on WEEE, especially UEEE can be also supported by Cloud via its integrated manufacturing solutions, high-level data management/control and flexible service models.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ROLES

  • In the manufacturing paradigm, raw material is treated as the input for the start of a physical flow.
  • With the help of Cloud, all the data of individual WEEE can be maintained in an integrated and shared information pool.
  • Such information management needs support from manufacturers, retailers and end users.
  • Firstly, from the stakeholder’s perspective, in traditional web-based recovery and recycling systems [19, 20] the users of the system or platform are mainly recyclers or remanufacturers.
  • Service requests and results are transferred by the coordinator mechanism between users and Cloud.

WR2CLOUD: SYSTEM FRAMEWORK

  • To meet the requirements mentioned above, a three layer system is developed to support WEEE recovery/recycling activities .
  • In the WR2Cloud component recovery and recycling facilities and capabilities are provided as Cloud service packages in the Cloud layer.
  • The outlines and specifications of these services are maintained in the Cloud database and published at the Cloud service coordinator layer.
  • The service ASME © 11 coordinator acts as the neutral supervisor or orchestrator of the Cloud system.
  • At the user layer, the end-users are able to access the system from their local web browsers over the network.

DEVELOPMENT: CLOUD, STANDARDS AND PRODUCT TRACKING MECHANISM

  • Comparison of different treatments of WEEE is important for evaluating related environmental impacts.
  • A wide variety and large quantities of products exists in the EEE context (Table 1), and their internal composition is also complex.
  • In the case of small appliances, there are individual components such as cartridges, batteries, cables, printed circuit boards, ferrous and nonferrous fractions thus a wider range of materials is present and typically in smaller quantities.
  • Environmental impacts of WEEE need to be evaluated before decision making.
  • In the recycling (material recovery) cases, when the products are reversed back to their raw materials, the energy and resources used for its original manufacture are lost.

WR2CLOUD Standards: APIs for Service Packages, Service Providers and Service Consumers

  • In the WR2Cloud, the information management and data sharing is supported by a standardized environment.
  • In practice, the WR2Cloud not only takes care of the WEEE process at the EOL phase, it also supports the EEE maintenance throughout the lifecycle of the product.
  • Customized maintenance solutions can be quickly organized based on the existing product specifications in the Cloud database, e.g. warranty status, model, customer location, etc. ASME © 16 Preventive maintenance is often referred to as use-based maintenance.
  • Related recovery and recycling services can be organized according to the information at both material level and component level.
  • Compared with traditional barcode methods, more pollution and recovery data can be stored in the QR code tag, and additionally, for example, specifications compliant with the Restriction of the Hazardous Substances Directive.

IMPLEMENTATIONS AND CASE STUDIES

  • To evaluate the methods mentioned above, a Cloud-based remanufacturing system is implemented.
  • At the preliminary phase, the virtual environment is built in the Cloud environment which contains 32 computing cores and more than 132GB memories in total.
  • With the help of extendable Cloud resources, the customers are able to access and maintain the WEEE Cloud without installing or configuring any local applications.
  • The working environment of Cloud is capable of virtualizing multiple operation environments, i.e. Linux, MS Windows, and UNIX family.
  • Thanks to the platform independency of JAVA, the developments can be deployed across different environments to suite the different needs or requirements of the users.

Case Study 1: Cloud WEEE Management at Product level

  • In the QR code management module, the remanufacturing stakeholders are able to generate the code tag and attach it on the product .
  • These countries represent more than 75% of the global lead metal production in 2011.
  • At the international level there are two data sessions maintained in the Cloud domain : one corresponds to import/export refined lead as raw material, while the other refers ASME © 22 to LAB as a product.
  • In this case WR2Cloud is to monitor and documents these trades.
  • Additionally, it also provides an opportunity to modify the production strategy by considering the financial and environmental impacts.

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

  • During the development of WR2Cloud, interviews were taken with different experts in the fields of component recovery and material recycling within the UK.
  • This volatility of EEE products’ technology makes it more difficult to find customers for the recovered EEE. for Design considering Component Recovery or Recycling aspects Rapid Obsolescence.
  • In many countries Incentives to the OEM for Design considering Component Recovery or Recycling aspects Incentives for the consumers.
  • The Cloud environment provides a distributed platform to highlight, broadcast and share the advantage of WEEE recovery throughout the EEE supply and resupply chain.

Did you find this useful? Give us your feedback

Figures (9)

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

1
A Smart Cloud-based System for the WEEE
Recovery/Recycling
Xi Vincent Wang
Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Brinellvägen 68, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
wangxi@kth.se
Brenda N. Lopez N
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC),
Room 813, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University,
Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100084
loujl10@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
Winifred Ijomah
Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management, Faculty of Engineering, (DMEM)
University of Strathclyde, UK
131 Rotten Row, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
w.l.ijomah@strath.ac.uk
Lihui Wang
Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Brinellvägen 68, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
lihuiw@kth.se
Jinhui Li
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC),
Room 804, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University
Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100084
jinhui@tsinghua.edu.cn
ASME ©
2
ABSTRACT
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is both valuable and harmful since it contains a large
number of profitable and hazardous materials and elements at the same time. At component level, many
parts of the discarded equipment are still functional and recoverable. Thus it is necessary to develop a
distributed and intelligent system to support WEEE component recovery and recycling. In recent years, the
Cloud concept has gained increasing popularity since it provides a service-oriented architecture that
integrates various resources over the network. Cloud Manufacturing systems are proposed world-wide to
support operational manufacturing processes. In this research, Cloud Manufacturing is further extended to
the WEEE recovery and recycling context. A Cloud-based WEEE Recovery system is developed to provide
modularized recovery services on the Cloud. A data management system is developed as well, which
maintains the knowledge throughout the product lifecycle. A product tracking mechanism is also proposed
with the help of the Quick Respond code method.
INTRODUCTION
The amount of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has grown
significantly in recent years, due to increased Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE)
and its shorter lifecycle. Different types of EEE are principally classified as shown in Table
1. The replacements of these devices (e.g. televisions, computers, cell phones, etc.) are
more frequent than ever before because of the fast-changing market demand and
planned obsolescence. New products offer attractive functionalities and convenience to
the consumer, but also push the in-service products from Middle-Of-Life (MOL) to End-
Of-Life (EOL) phase. From the Manufacturers’ perspectives, shorter lifecycle brings
greater profits and keeps their positions on the competitive market. However, it also
ASME ©
3
creates huge volume of WEEE that leads to global environment issues on many scales.
According to the statistics of the US Environmental Protection Agency [1], 438 million
new electronic devices were sold in 2009 in America, which represented a doubling of
sales from 1997. 2.37 million tons of them reached EOL in 2009, but only 25% of them
were collected for recycling. Among different kinds of electrical and electronic products,
the recycling rate of mobile devices (cell phones, smart phones, PDAs) was lowest, even
less than 9%.
Table 1. Principal EEE Categories
Category
Examples
Information and Communication
Computer, tablet, mobile phone
Large household appliances
Refrigerator, air conditioner, washing
machine
Small household appliances
Iron, dryer, rice cooker
Lighting equipment
Electric light bulb, household luminary
Electrical and electronic tools
Volt-Ohm-Millimetre, soldering iron
Toys, leisure and sports equipment
Coin slot machines, car racing set
Automatic dispensers
Water dispenser, coffee machine
Medical equipment
Ultrasound machine, heart-lung machine
Thus it is important to manage and control WEEE with practical strategies. In the
EU, handling WEEE is a high priority for all member states. Countries such as
Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Sweden, and Germany already
have an established Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for WEEE. In the case of
WEEE facilities, many developed countries including the USA, Europe and Japan have
mature technologies for the treatment of this waste stream [2]. However, in developing
countries primitive activities predominate , as in the case of the largest e-waste recycling
place in Guiyu, China where the practices include: manually classification and
ASME ©
4
dismantling of e-waste, manual separation and solder recovery for mounted printed
circuit board, precious metal extraction by acid, among others [3]. Also the informal
sector has a predominant presence in these activities, as in the case of Nigeria, Ghana
and Thailand [2]. Traditionally, the recycling of WEEE mainly stays at material level. The
target of recycling is either separating hazardous elements from resources, e.g. mercury
and brominated flame retardant or extracting valuable materials that can be utilized
again, e.g. gold, silver, plastics, steel and aluminium. The risk in WEEE treatment is
largely due to its toxicity. During WEEE recycling, three groups of substances may be
released: the constituents of the EEE, the substances used in the recycling techniques,
and the by-products formed during transformation of the original constituents [4, 5].
The toxicity of these substances is related to the presence of heavy metals and
halogenated flame retardants. When treated by poorly controlled processes, it leads to
damage and risk in multiple scales: soil and sediment pollution [6, 7], water [8], air [9],
and human health [10, 11]. Additionally, the pollution may also infiltrate into the
environment directly through municipal solid waste disposal [12].
The traditional path of WEEE is limited to recycling, for the sake of obtaining
raw materials. In practice, it is possible to treat WEEE as used products, before it is
considered as a discharged waste [13]. The EOL processes include the secondary market
processing and component recovery (repair, reconditioning, and remanufacturing) or
material recovery (recycling) [14]. According to the EU WEEE directive, after electronics
reach the end phase of their lifecycle, they should be filtered based on their status based
on their economic and functional potentials. Then the WEEE is processed via different
ASME ©
5
paths after proper treatment, but principally WEEE is recycled. In practice, it is also
important to consider other EOL processing routes, for example the BS 8887 standard
serials give six EOL routes as follows, along with the likely change at warranty level
compared with the original product [15], including reuse, remanufacture, recondition,
repurpose, recycle, and dispose. In this roadmap, WEEE are handled not only as a waste,
but also as a special category of product that can be re-used through an extended
lifecycle [13]. Although the term WEEE indicates the equipment as a waste, a huge
proportion of the equipment can be defined as Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(UEEE), which plays an important role for component recovery or extended usage. These
activities are at a higher level than recycling in the environmental hierarchy of EOL
strategies [14]. Considering this, such understanding can be included in the new
perception of the EEE lifecycle. It is possible to put UEEE back to the market via proper
recovery processes and treatments (Figure 1.).
EEE
WEEE
Recycling UEEE
Raw material
(plastic, non-ferrous
and ferrous metals)
Hazardous material Ordinary Waste
Recovery
Remanufacture
Recondition
Repare
Re-used EEE
BOL
MOL
EOL
Figure 1. WEEE Physical Flow and UEEE
Recovery activities aim to get usage of the components from UEEE, before they
are disposed as waste, i.e. repair, reconditioning and remanufacturing. The assessment
ASME ©
Citations
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Development of Product Recyclability Index Utilizing Design for Assembly and Disassembly Principles

[...]

Darshan Yadav1, Deep N. Patel1, Beshoy Morkos1•
Florida Institute of Technology1
01 Mar 2018-Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-transactions of The Asme
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study was performed to determine if DFA parameters could be utilized to determine product recyclability, and the results of the study indicated that the recyclingability of the product, as defined by established recycling metrics, could be predicted through DFA measures.
Abstract: Designing products for recyclability is driven by environmental and economic goals. Several design for assembly (DFA) rules and parameters can be used to gauge the recyclability index of product designs. These indices can be used for comparative analysis of the recyclability of different products. This assists the designer in making design choices related to the product’s end of life. However, many of the existing recyclability indices are only available after design and manufacturing decisions are made. If such design decisions could be made earlier in the design process, when the design space is less bound, recyclability could be considered earlier. A case study is performed to determine if DFA parameters could be utilized to determine product recyclability. The parameters were obtained from existing DFA time estimate tables. The results of the study indicated that the recyclability of the product, as defined by established recyclability metrics, could be predicted through DFA measures. A negative correlation was realized between recyclability and insertion time. Components that required greater time to mate during assembly adversely affected the recyclability of the product. Conversely, handing time was found to have no predictive capability on product recyclability. These findings are used to develop a recyclability index that utilizes the DFA measures, allowing designers and engineers to determine recyclability earlier in the design process. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4038515]

8 citations

Proceedings Article•DOI•
E-waste Inventorisation for Sustainable Smart Cities in India: A Cloud-based Framework

[...]

Ankita Das1, Biswajit Debnath2, Nipu Modak2, Abhijit Das3, Debasish De •
Heritage Institute of Technology1, Jadavpur University2, RCC Institute of Information Technology3
26 Dec 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a cloud-based framework for keeping record of electronics item sales data primarily from the e-commerce sector as well as from offline sales is proposed, which is expected to be a prima-facie for developing national e-waste inventory for any country.
Abstract: The expansion of the electronics market, increased demand, short cycles of innovation, cunning marketing gimmick and buying capacity of consumers; the lifespan of electronic items are reducing. End-of-Life (EoL), popularly known as e-waste has become a big environmental menace worldwide. Global e-waste generation reached 53.6 million metric tons in 2019 from 41.8 million metric tons in 2014. India generated about 3.28 million metric tons of e-waste in 2019. However, the generation data might not be the same in reality in a country like India. The e-waste data is calculated from the electronics sales data. In India, the sales data is not properly obtained as no proper record is maintained and hence rough estimations are carried out. With the rise of the e-commerce sector nearly 26 percent electronic items are sold online in India. While offline electronics sales can be estimated from the associated Goods and Sales Tax (GST) data. E-waste management in India has geared up in the last 5 years and it is an important aspect for sustainable smart cities. With India promoting a smart city mission and targeting to reach the SDGs, it important to develop a system that can record the online as well as offline sales data and contribute in creating an e-waste inventory. An e-waste inventory for any country will be beneficial for further analysis. In this study, we propose a cloud-based framework for keeping record of electronics item sales data primarily from the e-commerce sector as well as from offline sales. The developed framework will be helpful to the researcher and it is expected to be a prima-facie for developing national e-waste inventory for any country.

8 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Integrated forward and reverse logistics in cloud manufacturing: an agent-based multi-layer architecture and optimization via genetic algorithm

[...]

Simin Hamidi Moghaddam1, Hossein Akbaripour1, Mahmoud Houshmand1•
Sharif University of Technology1
13 Jul 2021-Production Engineering
TL;DR: An agent-based architecture for tackling reverse flows in CMfg is suggested which includes eight agents which includes transportation planner, supplying planner and manufacturing process planner, and the performance of transportation planner agent is optimized via genetic algorithm.
Abstract: Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) is a new service-oriented manufacturing paradigm that enables distributed collaboration between manufacturers. As logistics between geographically dispersed manufacturers is indispensable in CMfg environment, and the responsibility for the whole lifecycle of products becomes more important for manufacturers, we have taken into account both forward and reverse logistics services in CMfg. Unlike most of the research in the field, this paper not only addresses the special needs of CMfg system from reverse logistics perspective but also considers the transportation of returned products. For this purpose, an agent-based architecture for tackling reverse flows in CMfg is suggested which includes eight agents: buy-back price determiner, reverse flow cost determiner, resell price determiner, return rate forecaster, redistribution of returned products, transportation planner, supplying planner and manufacturing process planner. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed agent-based architecture, the performance of transportation planner agent is optimized via genetic algorithm. In addition, its performance is compared to a non-intelligent scenario of assigning and sequencing transportation resources in a distributed manufacturing environment. The results show that Transportation Planner agent reduces the transportation costs of CMfg service providers and the time that their vehicles are traveling while being unloaded.

5 citations

Dissertation•
Improving the Effectiveness of End-of-Use Product Recovery: Operations Planning, Consumer Behavior and Design Guidelines

[...]

Ardeshir Raihanian Mashhadi
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: Substantial differences in the ways that usage guides treated usage problems and in the attitudes bloggers and journalists espoused towards the usage problems are revealed.
Abstract: ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Chapter

5 citations

Cites background from "A Smart Cloud-Based System for the ..."

  • ...For example, the cloud-based remanufacturing concept has been recently proposed to facilitate the e-waste recovery [14]....

    [...]

  • ...The cloud-based remanufacturing infrastructure proposed in previous studies [14] requires consumers who willingly report the usage information of their product, as well as its end of use status....

    [...]

  • ...[14] put forward a cloud-based system for e-waste recovery and recycling....

    [...]

  • ...Table 3-2: Comparison of the current research with prior studies Area Reference Sources of uncertainty Purpose of the study Quantity Quality Demand E O U o p io n s [118] Optimal EOU strategy [117] Maximize profit and optimal design and design upgrade [21,12] Maximize profit and optimal EOU strategy [119] Optimal EOU strategy [20] Joint EOU strategy and disassembly decisions [1] × Optimal EOU strategy [14] × Optimal upgrade strategy P ro d u ctio n an d In v en to ry p an n in g [26] Joint procurement and production decisions [9] × × Lot size decisions [28] × × Joint purchase lot size and remanufacturing lot size [31] × × Quantify cost impact of categorizing returns [32] × × Joint purchase lot size and remanufacturing lot size [33] × × remanufacturing processing times, material recovery rates [34] × × Joint procurement and production decisions Current chapter × × × Joint EOU strategy and inventory planning decisions...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A comprehensive review of used electrical and electronic equipment management with a focus on the circular economy-based policy-making

[...]

Zahra Ansari Cheshmeh, Zahra Bigverdi, Mohammad Eqbalpour, Elaheh Kowsari, Seeram Ramakrishna, Mohammad Gheibi 
01 Feb 2023-Journal of Cleaner Production
TL;DR: In this paper , an in-depth survey of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and its differences from WEEE is provided, and the challenges in the transboundary flows of UEEE from developed to developing countries are mentioned.

2 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing

[...]

Xun Xu1•
University of Auckland1
01 Feb 2012-Robotics and Computer-integrated Manufacturing
TL;DR: Some of the essential features of cloud computing are briefly discussed with regard to the end-users, enterprises that use the cloud as a platform, and cloud providers themselves.
Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way industries and enterprises do their businesses in that dynamically scalable and virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. This model creates a brand new opportunity for enterprises. In this paper, some of the essential features of cloud computing are briefly discussed with regard to the end-users, enterprises that use the cloud as a platform, and cloud providers themselves. Cloud computing is emerging as one of the major enablers for the manufacturing industry; it can transform the traditional manufacturing business model, help it to align product innovation with business strategy, and create intelligent factory networks that encourage effective collaboration. Two types of cloud computing adoptions in the manufacturing sector have been suggested, manufacturing with direct adoption of cloud computing technologies and cloud manufacturing-the manufacturing version of cloud computing. Cloud computing has been in some of key areas of manufacturing such as IT, pay-as-you-go business models, production scaling up and down per demand, and flexibility in deploying and customizing solutions. In cloud manufacturing, distributed resources are encapsulated into cloud services and managed in a centralized way. Clients can use cloud services according to their requirements. Cloud users can request services ranging from product design, manufacturing, testing, management, and all other stages of a product life cycle.

1,588 citations

"A Smart Cloud-Based System for the ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...demand access to manufacturing services, both digitally and physically [18]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Cloud manufacturing: a new manufacturing paradigm

[...]

Lin Zhang1, Yongliang Luo1, Fei Tao1, Bo Hu Li, Lei Ren1, Xuesong Zhang1, Hua Guo1, Ying Cheng1, Anrui Hu1, Yongkui Liu1 •
Beihang University1
01 Mar 2014-Enterprise Information Systems
TL;DR: The concept of CMfg, including its architecture, typical characteristics and the key technologies for implementing aCMfg service platform, is discussed and three core components for constructing a CMfg system, i.e. CMfg resources, manufacturing cloud service and manufacturing cloud are studied.
Abstract: Combining with the emerged technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of things, service-oriented technologies and high performance computing, a new manufacturing paradigm – cloud manufacturing CMfg – for solving the bottlenecks in the informatisation development and manufacturing applications is introduced. The concept of CMfg, including its architecture, typical characteristics and the key technologies for implementing a CMfg service platform, is discussed. Three core components for constructing a CMfg system, i.e. CMfg resources, manufacturing cloud service and manufacturing cloud are studied, and the constructing method for manufacturing cloud is investigated. Finally, a prototype of CMfg and the existing related works conducted by the authors' group on CMfg are briefly presented.

710 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Linking maintenance strategies to performance

[...]

Laura Swanson1•
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville1
18 Apr 2001-International Journal of Production Economics
TL;DR: In order to achieve world-class performance, more and more companies are replacing their reactive, fire-fighting strategies for maintenance with proactive strategies like preventive and predictive maintenance and aggressive strategies like total productive maintenance as discussed by the authors.

605 citations

"A Smart Cloud-Based System for the ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...reactive maintenance, preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance [24]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India

[...]

Alejandra Sepúlveda1, Mathias Schluep2, Fabrice G. Renaud1, Martin Streicher2, Ruediger Kuehr1, Christian Hagelüken3, Andreas C. Gerecke4 •
United Nations University1, University of St. Gallen2, Umicore3, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology4
01 Jan 2010-Environmental Impact Assessment Review
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present data found in the scientific and grey literature about concentrations of lead (Pb), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dioxins and furans as well as poly brominated doxins and derivatives (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) monitored in various environmental compartments in China and India, two countries where informal WEEE recycling plays an important economic role.

556 citations

"A Smart Cloud-Based System for the ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...During WEEE recycling, three groups of substances may be released: the constituents of the EEE, the substances used in the recycling techniques, and the by-products formed during transformation of the original constituents [4, 5]....

    [...]

  • ...concentration of dioxins, Pb (industrial soils), PBDEs (urban soils), and also leaching potential [4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Cloud-based design and manufacturing

[...]

Dazhong Wu1, David W. Rosen1, Lihui Wang2, Dirk Schaefer1•
Georgia Institute of Technology1, Royal Institute of Technology2
01 Feb 2015-Computer-aided Design
TL;DR: The development of a smart delivery drone is presented as an idealized CBDM example scenario and a corresponding CBDM system architecture is proposed that incorporates CBDM-based design processes, integrated manufacturing services, information and supply chain management in a holistic sense.
Abstract: Cloud-based design manufacturing (CBDM) refers to a service-oriented networked product development model in which service consumers are enabled to configure, select, and utilize customized product realization resources and services ranging from computer-aided engineering software to reconfigurable manufacturing systems. An ongoing debate on CBDM in the research community revolves around several aspects such as definitions, key characteristics, computing architectures, communication and collaboration processes, crowdsourcing processes, information and communication infrastructure, programming models, data storage, and new business models pertaining to CBDM. One question, in particular, has often been raised: is cloud-based design and manufacturing actually a new paradigm, or is it just "old wine in new bottles"? To answer this question, we discuss and compare the existing definitions for CBDM, identify the essential characteristics of CBDM, define a systematic requirements checklist that an idealized CBDM system should satisfy, and compare CBDM to other relevant but more traditional collaborative design and distributed manufacturing systems such as web- and agent-based design and manufacturing systems. To justify the conclusion that CBDM can be considered as a new paradigm that is anticipated to drive digital manufacturing and design innovation, we present the development of a smart delivery drone as an idealized CBDM example scenario and propose a corresponding CBDM system architecture that incorporates CBDM-based design processes, integrated manufacturing services, information and supply chain management in a holistic sense. We present a new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation, namely cloud-based design and manufacturing (CBDM).We identify the common key characteristics of CBDM.We define a requirement checklist that any idealized CBDM system should satisfy.We compare CBDM with other relevant but more traditional collaborative design and distributed manufacturing systems.We describe an idealized CBDM application example scenario.

513 citations

Related Papers (5)
An integrated framework for planning of recycling activities in electrical and electronic sector

[...]

01 Sep 2008-International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
M. S. Abu Bakar, Shahin Rahimifard
A model for the management of WEEE reverse logistics

[...]

06 Jul 2010-International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management
Marco Melacini, A. Salgaro, D. Brognoli
How to design and manage WEEE systems: a multi-level analysis

[...]

13 May 2015-International Journal of Environment and Waste Management
Valerio Elia, Maria Grazia Gnoni
Planning of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling facilities: MILP modelling and case study investigation

[...]

21 Feb 2015-Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal
Ozan Capraz, Olcay Polat, Askiner Gungor
Evaluation of outsourcing alternatives under fuzzy environment for waste management

[...]

01 Mar 2012-Resources Conservation and Recycling
İhsan Kaya, İhsan Kaya