A statistical investigation of biodiesel physical and chemical properties, and their correlation with the degree of unsaturation
Citations
277 citations
Additional excerpts
..., are the chemical composition parameters [57]....
[...]
254 citations
Cites background from "A statistical investigation of biod..."
...In other words, higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids can improve cloud point and cold filter plugging points for biodiesel [27]....
[...]
251 citations
194 citations
166 citations
References
2,891 citations
"A statistical investigation of biod..." refers background in this paper
...Life-cycle analyses have shown that the source-to-wheel CO2 emissions from neat biodiesel combustion account for at least 60% savings with respect to petroleum diesel fuel, whereas for the most popular B20 blend it is of the order of 15−20% [2,3]....
[...]
...For each double bond, one hydrogen molecule can be added per fatty acid [3,8]....
[...]
2,145 citations
"A statistical investigation of biod..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In the literature [8,13,26] it has been shown that CN increases as the chain length increases or branching decreases....
[...]
...the final ester will differ substantially from place to place, based largely on the feedstock used but also on the alcohol employed in the esterification and the exact chemical process followed [13]....
[...]
...In general, it is the poly-unsaturated methyl esters such as croton, safflower, soybean, linseed, and sunflower, rich in linoleic and linolenic acids, that are prone to oxidative degradation [13,35,38]....
[...]
...stearic and palmitic), or even modification of the fatty acid composition of the originating oil in order to produce an ester with optimum characteristics (concerns arise in this case over genetic modification issues) [13,28,35]....
[...]
1,869 citations
"A statistical investigation of biod..." refers background in this paper
...In the literature [8,13,26] it has been shown that CN increases as the chain length increases or branching decreases....
[...]
...CO emissions (although contradicting results have been reported too, particularly if measurements after the diesel oxidation catalyst are considered), whereas a usually moderately negative impact is experienced with regard to NOx [2,8,12]....
[...]
...On the other hand, higher cetane numbers promote faster auto-ignition of the fuel, and often lead to lower NOx emissions [23,24] (although no unambiguous trend has been established), particularly during low-load (i.e. premixed-controlled) engine operation [2,25]....
[...]
...In general, similar positive effects have been noticed as regards HC and CO emissions (although contradicting results have been reported too, particularly if measurements after the diesel oxidation catalyst are considered), whereas a usually moderately negative impact is experienced with regard to NOx [2,8,12]....
[...]
...Saturated feedstocks (such as those derived from coconut, palm and tallow) excel in cetane number and oxidation stability (and usually lower NOx emissions), while exhibiting poor cold flow properties, higher kinematic viscosity, lower (but still high enough) flash point and lower heating value....
[...]
1,667 citations
"A statistical investigation of biod..." refers background or result in this paper
...In the second approach (2 column in Table 3), all fatty acids with 3 or more double bonds are assumed to weigh equally as the ones with 2 double bonds (termed „partially weighted‟ degree of unsaturation) [15]....
[...]
...5, there exists a very strong correlation between IN and unsaturation degree, confirming the results of previous research on smaller samples [14,15,19]; in fact, it is the 3 „extreme‟ feedstocks (the most saturated, coconut, and the most unsaturated, fish and linseed) that only differentiate from the almost perfect linear relationship between average number of double bonds and IN....
[...]
1,527 citations
"A statistical investigation of biod..." refers background or result in this paper
...5, there exists a very strong correlation between IN and unsaturation degree, confirming the results of previous research on smaller samples [14,15,19]; in fact, it is the 3 „extreme‟ feedstocks (the most saturated, coconut, and the most unsaturated, fish and linseed) that only differentiate from the almost perfect linear relationship between average number of double bonds and IN....
[...]
...As was also the case with cetane number, no correlation could be established between density and the FAME‟s average chain length, even if the „extreme‟ values of coconut and castor are excluded [19]....
[...]
...14–18], or statistical [19] investigations, has highlighted some important aspects regarding the interdependence between biodiesel composition and (some of) its physical and chemical properties....
[...]