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Journal ArticleDOI

A Study of Sublingual Absorption I. Several Factors Influencing the Rate of Absorption

01 Jul 1955-Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Elsevier)-Vol. 44, Iss: 7, pp 419-423
TL;DR: Alcoholic solutions of Pentothal® and pentobarbital as well as aqueous solutions of their sodium salts were absorbed sublingually as demonstrated by the increased sleeping time of anesthetized mice, and alcoholic solutions produced the greatest increase.
Abstract: Solutions of drugs were sublingually administered to anesthetized animals whose esophagus had been ligated and trachea cannulated.This method was devised so that there would he no possibility of the drug being swallowed.As determined by the time for convulsions to appear in anesthetized rats or for death to occur in anesthetized mice, strychnine sulfate in alcohol, strychnine sulfate in water, and strychnine in alcohol were found to be well absorbed sublingually, and in that order, while strychnine suspended in water was not absorbed.The use of the base or the salt and the vehicle employed had a more important effect on sublingual absorption than on oral absorption.Aconitine in alcohol was more rapidly absorbed sublingually than aconitine hydrochloride in water although there was no difference in subcutaneous absorption.Alcoholic solutions of Pentothal® and pentobarbital as well as aqueous solutions of their sodium salts were absorbed sublingually as demonstrated by the increased sleeping time of anesthetized mice.Alcoholic solutions produced the greatest increase.The form of a drug and the vehicle used play an important role in sublingual absorption.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The delivery of drugs via the mucous membranes lining the oral cavity (i.e., sublingual and buccal), with consideration of both systemic delivery and local therapy, is reviewed in this paper.

583 citations

01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The different sublingual dosage forms, factors affecting the sublingsual absorption, advantages, various in vitro and in vivo evaluation parameters and commercially available sublingual-dosage-forms are reviewed.
Abstract: Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity (i.e. the floor of the mouth) is more permeable than the buccal (cheek) area, which in turn is more permeable than the palatal (roof of the mouth) area. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Various techniques can be used to formulate sublingual tablets. New sublingual technologies address many pharmaceutical and patient needs, ranging from enhanced life‐cycle management to convenient dosing for paediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. This review highlights the different sublingual dosage forms, factors affecting the sublingual absorption, advantages, various in vitro and in vivo evaluation parameters and commercially available sublingual dosage forms.

118 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Sublingual drug delivery system is convenient for paediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia, and the drug absorbed via sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first-pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability with low doses and hence decreases the side effects.
Abstract: Drug delivery via sublingual mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. This route is useful when rapid onset of action is desired as in the case of antiemetics such as ondansetron. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity is more permeable than cheek and palatal areas of mouth. The drug absorbed via sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first-pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability with low doses and hence decreases the side effects. Sublingual drug delivery system is convenient for paediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. This review highlights the different sublingual dosage forms, advantages, factors affecting sublingual absorption, pharmacology of ondasetron, methods of preparation and various in vitro and in vivo evaluation parameters of sublingual tablet of ondansetron

18 citations

28 Feb 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the advantages, disadvantages and different sub-lingual formulation such as tablets and films is presented for patients with dysphagia with oral mucous membrane.
Abstract: Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first?pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Different techniques are used to formulate the sublingual dosage forms. New sublingual technologies for patient needs enhanced life?cycle management to convenient dosing for geriatric, paediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages and different sublingual formulation such as tablets and films, evaluation Keywords Sublingual delivery, Oral cavity, Dysphagia, Improved bioavailability, Evaluation

16 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Martin Addy1
TL;DR: There was a trend for the tissue concentration of triamcinolone acetonide to increase with time which was significant for the 5 mg/ml samples, and both serial sectioning and autoradiographic techniques showed the absorbed steroid to lie mainly within the epithelium and connective tissue immediately below the basement membrane.

10 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
05 Feb 1938-JAMA
TL;DR: The importance of absorption of drugs and poisons through the skin and mucous membranes needs no emphasis and is of vital interest not only to medical men but to all biologists concerned with that borderline science known as pharmacology.
Abstract: The importance of absorption of drugs and poisons through the skin and mucous membranes needs no emphasis. This subject is of vital interest not only to medical men but to all biologists concerned with that borderline science known as pharmacology, which has to do with the relationship of the physicochemical sciences, on the one hand, and the biologic, on the other. It is also of great practical significance, particularly to dermatologists and other medical specialists who prescribe drugs and chemicals for application to skin or mucous membranes. I have taken a lively interest in experimental investigations on absorption of drugs and poisons for more than twenty years. Indeed, in 1910 I recorded a research on lavage in the treatment of acute phenol poisoning in which the absorption of phenol through both the skin and the mucosa of the stomach and the intestines was experimentally studied. This research led to some

40 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Feb 1949-JAMA
TL;DR: A purely clinical approach was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the drug and to assign it its proper place in the management of bronchial asthma.
Abstract: Within the past two years several reports have appeared covering the use of a new sympathomimetic amine in the symptomatic management of bronchial asthma.1This isopropyl modification of epinephrine, racemic 1 - (3 -4 - dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol, has been named variously "I.P.A." (Specific Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), "Aleudrin" in European literature, and "aludrine" in this country, "isorenin," now "isonorin" (Carroll Dunham Smith), and "isuprel" (Winthrop-Stearns, Inc.). The sulfate salt (aludrine sulfate) was the drug employed in the studies reported here. A purely clinical approach was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the drug and to assign it its proper place in the management of bronchial asthma. Four routes of administration were studied and an attempt made to determine the optimum dosage for each. The subjective and objective therapeutic effects of each method will be discussed separately. The patients treated in this series were selected from outpatient dispensary service, emergency room service, private practice

37 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Dec 1940-JAMA
TL;DR: Two of the authors' patients with Addison's disease who ingested ten times the dose of desoxycorticosterone acetate effective by the subcutaneous route developed are shown to have had successful treatment of the disease.
Abstract: Desoxycorticosterone acetate has been found highly effective in the treatment of Addison's disease. It is generally given in oil by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection but is being employed also in the form of pellets implanted under the skin. The latter method of administration is a precarious one, since there is no way of controlling dosage; excessive absorption of the active principle from pellets, as manifested by edema and anasarca, elevation of blood pressure to hypertensive heights and occasionally fatal circulatory collapse, has been reported by Loeb 1 and others. Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, on the other hand, allow control of the dose administered, but they are often a source of great inconvenience and no little expense. The ingestion of tablets of desoxycorticosterone acetate is for practical purposes valueless. Two of our patients with Addison's disease who ingested ten times the dose of desoxycorticosterone acetate effective by the subcutaneous route developed

29 citations