A Supervisory Power Management System for a Hybrid Microgrid With HESS
TL;DR: The key feature of the proposed supervisory power management system is reduced number of sensors required and a better dc-link voltage regulation is achieved and the usage of supercapacitors reduces the current stress on the battery.
Abstract: This paper proposes a supervisory power management system (PMS) for a grid interactive microgrid with a hybrid energy storage system. The key feature of the proposed PMS is reduced number of sensors required to implement the PMS. The PMS considers renewable power variation, grid availability, electricity pricing, and changes in local loads. It can detect the operating mode of system without measuring load currents and powers. A single-phase voltage source converter (VSC) transfers real power between dc grid and utility grid besides offering ancillary services such as harmonic mitigation, reactive power support, and unity power factor at the point of common coupling (PCC). In the proposed system, a better dc-link voltage regulation is achieved and the usage of supercapacitors reduces the current stress on the battery. The PMS also addresses extreme operating conditions such as load shedding, off-maximum power point tracking operation of photovoltaic, elimination of critical oscillation of hybrid energy storage systems power, islanded operation, and resynchronization with grid. The performance of the proposed PMS is verified by digital simulation and experimental studies.
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TL;DR: By modeling the uncertainty of spinning reserves provided by energy storage with probabilistic constraints, a new optimal scheduling mode is proposed in this paper for minimizing the operating costs of an isolated microgrid (MG) by using chance-constrained programming.
Abstract: By modeling the uncertainty of spinning reserves provided by energy storage with probabilistic constraints, a new optimal scheduling mode is proposed in this paper for minimizing the operating costs of an isolated microgrid (MG) by using chance-constrained programming. The model is transformed into a readily solvable mixed integer linear programming formulation in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) via a proposed discretized step transformation approach and finally solved by applying the CPLEX solver. By properly setting the confidence levels of the spinning reserve probability constraints, the MG operation can achieve a tradeoff between reliability and economy. The test results on the modified Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Energy Control and Communication lab MG test system reveal that the proposal significantly exceeds the commonly used hybrid intelligent algorithm with much better and more stable optimization results and significantly reduced calculation times.
261 citations
TL;DR: This paper proposes a new optimal scheduling mode for minimizing the operating costs of an isolated microgrid (MG) by using chance-constrained programming and significantly exceeds the commonly used hybrid intelligent algorithm with much better and more stable optimization results and significantly reduced calculation times.
Abstract: By modeling the uncertainty of spinning reserves provided by energy storage with probabilistic constraints, a new optimal scheduling mode is proposed for minimizing the operating costs of an isolated microgrid (MG) by using chance-constrained programming. The model is transformed into a readily solvable mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation in GAMS via a proposed discretized step transformation (DST) approach and finally solved by applying the CPLEX solver. By properly setting the confidence levels of the spinning reserve probability constraints, the MG operation can be achieved a trade-off between reliability and economy. The test results on the modified ORNL DECC lab MG test system reveal that the proposal significantly exceeds the commonly used hybrid intelligent algorithm with much better and more stable optimization results and significantly reduced calculation times.
197 citations
Cites background from "A Supervisory Power Management Syst..."
...In the meantime, research findings have also demonstrated that the ESS plays a significant role in enhancing the malleability, reliability, and resiliency of power systems by serving as a buffer to match supply and demand for integrating DERs [24], [25]....
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..., a long service life as well as deep charge/discharge cycles [24], and it has been successfully utilized in MGs to balance random fluctuations, maintain system reliability, and improve power quality [25]–[27]....
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...supercapacitors, fuel cells, and hybrid energy storage systems [25], available to be deployed in MGs....
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TL;DR: A battery health cost function is proposed in this paper to quantify the impact of many damaging factors on battery, thus the effectiveness of different hybrid energy storage systems in mitigating battery stress and the associated financial analysis can be quantitatively compared.
160 citations
TL;DR: The analysis presented herein gives the account of the expansion that the SC market is currently undergoing and identifies the most promising research trends on this field.
Abstract: Energy storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in a variety of applications, such as electric vehicles or grid-connected systems. In this context, supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining ground due to their high power density, good performance, and long maintenance-free lifetime. For this reason, SCs are a hot research topic, and several papers are being published on material engineering, performance characterization, modeling. and post-mortem analysis. A compilation of the most important millstones on this topic is essential to keep researchers on related fields updated about new potentials of this technology. This review paper covers recent research aspects and applications of SCs, highlighting the relationship between material properties and electrical characteristics. It begins with an explanation of the energy storage mechanisms and materials used by SCs. Based on these materials, the SCs are classified, their key features are summarized, and their electrochemical characteristics are related to electrical performance. Given the high interest in system modeling and a large number of papers published on this topic, modeling techniques are classified, explained, and compared, addressing their strengths and weaknesses, and the experimental techniques used to measure the modeled properties are described. Finally, SCs are successfully used in the market sectors, as well as their growth expectations are analyzed. The analysis presented herein gives the account of the expansion that the SC market is currently undergoing and identifies the most promising research trends on this field.
150 citations
Cites background from "A Supervisory Power Management Syst..."
...They are also useful in grid-connected microgrids [208], [209]....
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TL;DR: A new energy management scheme is proposed for the grid connected hybrid energy storage with the battery and the supercapacitor under different operating modes and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by both simulation and experimental studies.
Abstract: DC-coupled microgrids are simple as they do not require any synchronization when integrating different distributed energy generations. However, the control and energy management strategy between the renewable energy sources and the energy storages under different operating modes is a challenging task. In this paper, a new energy management scheme is proposed for the grid connected hybrid energy storage with the battery and the supercapacitor under different operating modes. The main advantages of the proposed energy management scheme are effective power sharing between the different energy storage systems, faster dc link voltage regulation to generation and load disturbances, dynamic power sharing between the battery and the grid based on the battery state of charge, reduced rate of charge/discharge of battery current during steady state and transient power fluctuations, improved power quality features in ac grid and seamless mode transitions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by both simulation and experimental studies.
130 citations
References
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TL;DR: A determinist energy management system for a microgrid, including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas microturbine is proposed, which is implemented in two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management at the customer side.
Abstract: The development of energy management tools for next-generation PhotoVoltaic (PV) installations, including storage units, provides flexibility to distribution system operators. In this paper, the aggregation and implementation of these determinist energy management methods for business customers in a microgrid power system are presented. This paper proposes a determinist energy management system for a microgrid, including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas microturbine. The system is organized according to different functions and is implemented in two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management at the customer side. The power planning is designed according to the prediction for PV power production and the load forecasting. The central and local management systems exchange data and order through a communication network. According to received grid power references, additional functions are also designed to manage locally the power flows between the various sources. Application to the case of a hybrid supercapacitor battery-based PV active generator is presented.
905 citations
"A Supervisory Power Management Syst..." refers background in this paper
...In [20], a deterministic EMS is proposed for a grid interactive microgrid....
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TL;DR: In this article, the integration of a short-term energy storage device in a doubly fed induction generator design is considered to smooth the fast wind-induced power variations, which can also be used to reinforce the dc bus during transients, thereby enhancing its lowvoltage ride through capability.
Abstract: As wind energy reaches higher penetration levels, there is a greater need to manage intermittency associated with the individual wind turbine generators. This paper considers the integration of a short-term energy storage device in a doubly fed induction generator design in order to smooth the fast wind-induced power variations. This storage device can also be used to reinforce the dc bus during transients, thereby enhancing its low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. The topology is evaluated in terms of its ability to improve the performance both during normal operation and during transients. Results show that when storage is sized based upon the LVRT requirement, it can effectively damp short-term power oscillations, and it provides superior transient performance when compared with conventional topologies
785 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents an overview of power management strategies for a hybrid ac/dc microgrid system, which includes different system structures, different operation modes, a thorough study of various power management and control schemes in both steady state and transient conditions, and examples of powermanagement and control strategies.
Abstract: Today, conventional power systems are evolving to modern smart grids, where interconnected microgrids may dominate the distribution system with high penetration of renewable energy and energy storage systems. The hybrid ac/dc systems with dc and ac sources/loads are considered to be the most possible future distribution or even transmission structures. For such hybrid ac/dc microgrids, power management strategies are one of the most critical operation aspects. This paper presents an overview of power management strategies for a hybrid ac/dc microgrid system, which includes different system structures (ac-coupled, dc-coupled, and ac–dc-coupled hybrid microgrids), different operation modes, a thorough study of various power management and control schemes in both steady state and transient conditions, and examples of power management and control strategies. Finally, discussion and recommendations of power management strategies for the further research are presented.
707 citations
"A Supervisory Power Management Syst..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, both ac and dc loads will coexist in renewable-grid integrated distribution system [2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a control strategy for optimal use of the battery energy storage system (BESS) with a solar photovoltaic (PV) system or a wind farm was proposed.
Abstract: Integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a solar photovoltaic (PV) system or a wind farm can make these intermittent renewable energy sources more dispatchable. This paper focuses on the development of a control strategy for optimal use of the BESS for this purpose. The paper considers a rule-based control scheme, which is the solution of the optimal control problem defined, to incorporate the operating constraints of the BESS, such as state of charge limits, charge/discharge current limits, and lifetime. The goal of the control is to have the BESS provide as much smoothing as possible so that the renewable resource can be dispatched on an hourly basis based on the forecasted solar/wind conditions. The effectiveness of this control strategy has been tested by using an actual PV system and wind farm data and it is shown that the BESS can indeed help to cope with variability in wind's and solar's generation.
489 citations
"A Supervisory Power Management Syst..." refers methods in this paper
...A rule-based control scheme is proposed in [19] to dispatch intermittent renewable energy sources using a BESS....
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TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analyzed using simplified models, and the authors show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended.
Abstract: The performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analytically described using simplified models. We show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended. Greatest benefits are seen when the load pulse rate is higher than the system eigenfrequency and when the pulse duty is small. Actual benefits are substantial; adding a 23 F ultracapacitor bank (3 /spl times/ 7 PC10 ultracapacitors) in parallel with a typical Li-ion battery of 7.2 V and 1.35 A hr capacity can boost the peak power capacity by 5 times and reduce the power loss by 74%, while minimally impacting system volume and weight, for pulsed loads of 5 A, 1 Hz repetition rate, and 10% duty.
487 citations
"A Supervisory Power Management Syst..." refers background in this paper
...The high power density of supercapacitor increases the life cycle of battery [5]–[7]....
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