A survey of indoor positioning systems and algorithms
25 Apr 2011-pp 185-190
TL;DR: This paper surveys various indoor positioning systems to explore the related challenges that exist in this area and evaluate some proposed solutions.
Abstract: Positioning objects has been an important topic since it is needed to locate people, guide them to a certain place, and assist companies and organizations with their assets management. Several systems and algorithms were proposed to solve the positioning problem and to enhance existing systems. In this paper, we survey various indoor positioning systems to explore the related challenges that exist in this area and evaluate some proposed solutions. We provide a categorization and classification of the current indoor positioning systems and identify some possible areas of enhancements
Citations
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TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time ofFlight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS) based on technologies that have been proposed in the literature.
Abstract: Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.
1,447 citations
Cites background from "A survey of indoor positioning syst..."
...While the literature contains a number of survey articles [10]–[19] on indoor localization, there is a need for an up-to-date survey paper that discusses some of the latest systems and developments [20]–[30] in the field of indoor localization with emphasis on tracking users and user devices....
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...Al Nuaimi and Kamel [10] provide a discussion on different indoor localization systems proposed in the literature and highlight challenges such as accuracy that localization systems face....
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TL;DR: A survey of the state-of-the-art technologies in indoor positioning, followed by a detailed comparative analysis of UWB positioning technologies and an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to analyze the present state of UWBs positioning technologies are provided.
Abstract: In recent years, indoor positioning has emerged as a critical function in many end-user applications; including military, civilian, disaster relief and peacekeeping missions. In comparison with outdoor environments, sensing location information in indoor environments requires a higher precision and is a more challenging task in part because various objects reflect and disperse signals. Ultra WideBand (UWB) is an emerging technology in the field of indoor positioning that has shown better performance compared to others. In order to set the stage for this work, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies in indoor positioning, followed by a detailed comparative analysis of UWB positioning technologies. We also provide an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to analyze the present state of UWB positioning technologies. While SWOT is not a quantitative approach, it helps in assessing the real status and in revealing the potential of UWB positioning to effectively address the indoor positioning problem. Unlike previous studies, this paper presents new taxonomies, reviews some major recent advances, and argues for further exploration by the research community of this challenging problem space.
771 citations
Cites background from "A survey of indoor positioning syst..."
...Generally, availability can be seen as three levels; low availability (if <95%), regular availability (if between 95% & 99%), and high availability (if >99%) [15]....
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...Therefore, building systems with >60 m coverage is difficult [15]....
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...Accuracy is still a very challenging area for many researchers [15]....
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...Al Nuaimi and Kamel [15] 2011 Indoor General A short survey of existing indoor positioning technologies...
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...Those that cover wider ranges are considered effective systems [15]....
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TL;DR: This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.
Abstract: The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.
736 citations
Cites background from "A survey of indoor positioning syst..."
...Indoor positioning is a mature research field, with many proposed technologies and techniques—comprehensive overviews can be found in [2], [18], [19]....
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TL;DR: This paper is a survey of various active and passive localisation techniques developed over the years, comparing various systems presenting their advantages and disadvantages.
373 citations
01 Sep 2014
TL;DR: Focus on one of the major challenges in the indoor localization field, i.e., the indoor animal tracking, existing indoor tracking systems have been reviewed and compared by analyzing advantages and drawbacks.
Abstract: This paper aims to provide the reader with a review of the main technologies explored in the literature to solve the indoor localization issue. Furthermore, some systems that use these enabling technologies in real-world scenarios are presented and discussed. This could deliver a better understanding of the state-of-the-art and motivate new research efforts in this promising field. Finally, focusing on one of the major challenges in the indoor localization field, i.e., the indoor animal tracking, existing indoor tracking systems have been reviewed and compared by analyzing advantages and drawbacks.
285 citations
References
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26 Mar 2000
TL;DR: RADAR is presented, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings that combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications.
Abstract: The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local-area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-aware systems and services. In this paper we present RADAR, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations positioned to provide overlapping coverage in the area of interest. It combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications. We present experimental results that demonstrate the ability of RADAR to estimate user location with a high degree of accuracy.
8,667 citations
"A survey of indoor positioning syst..." refers background in this paper
...Common architecture of Fixed IPS systems is having fixed number of Base Stations (BS) which is the main computer that receives all the signals from the different nodes and calculates the coordinates of the target object using the parameters sent from the sensor nodes....
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TL;DR: A novel system for the location of people in an office environment is described, where members of staff wear badges that transmit signals providing information about their location to a centralized location service, through a network of sensors.
Abstract: A novel system for the location of people in an office environment is described. Members of staff wear badges that transmit signals providing information about their location to a centralized location service, through a network of sensors. The paper also examines alternative location techniques, system design issues and applications, particularly relating to telephone call routing. Location systems raise concerns about the privacy of an individual and these issues are also addressed.
4,315 citations
"A survey of indoor positioning syst..." refers methods in this paper
...These systems use infrared signals in order to transmit signals from sensor nodes to the BS. One of the most wellknown infrared positioning systems is the active badges developed by AT&T Cambridge [ 16 ]....
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01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Abstract: Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
4,123 citations
"A survey of indoor positioning syst..." refers background in this paper
...Providing a system that has coverage of more than 60 meters is a challenge by itself....
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TL;DR: This paper presents LANDMARC, a location sensing prototype system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for locating objects inside buildings and demonstrates that active RFID is a viable and cost-effective candidate for indoor location sensing.
Abstract: Growing convergence among mobile computing devices and embedded technology sparks the development and deployment of "context-aware" applications, where location is the most essential context. In this paper we present LANDMARC, a location sensing prototype system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for locating objects inside buildings. The major advantage of LANDMARC is that it improves the overall accuracy of locating objects by utilizing the concept of reference tags. Based on experimental analysis, we demonstrate that active RFID is a viable and cost-effective candidate for indoor location sensing. Although RFID is not designed for indoor location sensing, we point out three major features that should be added to make RFID technologies competitive in this new and growing market.
2,615 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the measurement techniques in sensor network localization and the one-hop localization algorithms based on these measurements are provided and a detailed investigation on multi-hop connectivity-based and distance-based localization algorithms are presented.
1,870 citations
"A survey of indoor positioning syst..." refers background in this paper
...These attributes are either sent by the sensor or measured by the Base Station when the signal arrives....
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...TOA is the time taken by the signal to travel from the source sensor node to the Base Station....
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...Therefore, we calculate m pairs of Base Stations....
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...When the user moves outside the building the GPS application is activated and when the user moves inside the building the network recognizes the device and the UWB application is activated to enable the user to navigate through the building and allows the Base Station to position this user....
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...It is measured at the Base Station and used to calculate the coordinates....
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