A Survey on Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
18 Jun 2014-International Journal of Computer Applications (Foundation of Computer Science (FCS))-Vol. 96, Iss: 14, pp 27-32
TL;DR: A general survey of multicast routing protocols in Mobile adhoc Networks (MANETs) is given, which plays an important role in MANETs to provide group communication.
Abstract: There are many benefits of multicasting using with network. The communication cost reduced by multicasting for applications that sends the same data to many recipients instead of sending via multiple unicast. This paper gives a general survey of multicast routing protocols in Mobile adhoc Networks (MANETs). The multicast routing protocols are divided into two categories- multicast routing based on application independence and multicast routing based on application dependence. Multicast routing protocols plays an important role in MANETs to provide group communication. Multicasting is one of the major communication technologies primarily designed for bandwidth conservation and an efficient way of transferring data to a group of receivers in wireless mesh networks.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a significant number of broadcasting protocols for VANETs reported in the literature are classified and an in-depth review of these protocols are provided.
Abstract: With the fast development in ad hoc wireless communications and vehicular technology, it is foreseeable that, in the near future, traffic information will be collected and disseminated in real-time by mobile sensors instead of fixed sensors used in the current infrastructure-based traffic information systems. A distributed network of vehicles such as a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) can easily turn into an infrastructure-less self-organizing traffic information system, where any vehicle can participate in collecting and reporting useful traffic information such as section travel time, flow rate, and density. Disseminating traffic information relies on broadcasting protocols. Recently, there have been a significant number of broadcasting protocols for VANETs reported in the literature. In this paper, we classify and provide an in-depth review of these protocols.
286 citations
Cites background from "A Survey on Multicast Routing Proto..."
...In addition, we will only concentrate on source broadcasting (i.e., distributing packets in a one-to-all type of scenarios)....
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TL;DR: This work provides an overview of existing multicast routing mechanisms based on routing categories that helps in multimedia communication over MANETs and point to directions for future research and development.
188 citations
Cites background from "A Survey on Multicast Routing Proto..."
...: þ91 80 65687563. ail addresses: raj.biradar@revainstitution.org a b s t r a c t Frequent interactions among the group members of distributed wireless network environment may be facilitated with the help of Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs)....
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...Researchers have proposed a variety of multicast routing techniques to improve multicast routing performance in MANETs (Junhai et al., 2009; Bheemarjuna Reddy et al., 2006; Badarneh and Kadoch, 2009; Papavassiliou and An, 2002; Liu and Kaiser, 2005; Ali et al., 2007)....
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...Examples of mesh based multicast routing include On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) (Su et al., 2002; Leet et al., 1999), Enhanced ODMRP (EODMRP) (Oh et al., 2008; Hu et al., 2009), Resilient ODMRP (RODMRP) (Xu et al., 2009; Pathirana, 2007), Forward Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) (Chiang et al., 1998), link stability based multicast routing in MANETs (LSMRM) (Biradar et al., 2010), Agent-driven backbone Ring-based Reliable Multicast routing in mobile Ad hoc networks (RRMRA) (Biradar and Manvi, 2011a), Reliable Neighbor based Multipath Multicast routing in MANETs (MMRNS) (Biradar and Manvi, 2011b), Team Oriented Multicast (TOM) protocol (Yunjung et al., 2003; Egbogah et al., 2008), Delay-Guaranteed Multicast Routing in multi-rate MANETs (DG-ODMRP) (Chen et al., 2009), QoS-Aware Mesh construction to enhance multicast routing in mobile ad hoc Networks (QAMNet) (Tebbe et al., 2006), Ad hoc Mesh based On-demand Multicast routing protocol with Quality of service (AMOMQ) (Nourazar and Dehghan et al., 2009), Interference model for QoS and bandwidth consumption of ODMRP (ODMRP-IQoS) (Nourazar et al., 2009), Quality of Service-based Multicast Routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (QoS-MR) (Meghanathan, 2010) and mesh-based QoS aware Multicast Routing Protocol (QMRP) (Promkotwong and Sornil, 2007) and Ring Mesh Based Multicast Routing Scheme in MANET Using Bandwidth Delay Product (Biradar and Manvi, in press, 2010)....
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...Heterogeneity: Nodes in MANETs are expected to be heterogeneous in terms of QoS constraints....
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...Another approach to construct the delay based multicast reliable routing is given in Tebbe et al. (2006) where a QoS-aware mesh construction to enhance multicast routing in MANETs (QAMNet) is proposed....
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TL;DR: A novel four-dimensional (4D) evaluation framework for QoS routing algorithms, whereby the 4D correspond to the type of topology, two forms of scalability of aTopology, and the tightness of the delay constraint, which identifies two algorithms, namely Lagrange relaxation-based aggregated cost (LARAC) and search space reduction delay-cost-constrained routing (SSR+DCCR), that perform very well in most of the4D evaluation space
Abstract: A variety of communication networks, such as industrial communication systems, have to provide strict delay guarantees to the carried flows. Fast and close to optimal quality of service (QoS) routing algorithms, e.g., delay-constrained least-cost (DCLC) routing algorithms, are required for routing flows in such networks with strict delay requirements. The emerging software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm centralizes the network control in SDN controllers that can centrally execute QoS routing algorithms. A wide range of QoS routing algorithms have been proposed in the literature and examined in individual studies. However, a comprehensive evaluation framework and quantitative comparison of QoS routing algorithms that can serve as a basis for selecting and further advancing QoS routing in SDN networks is missing in the literature. This makes it difficult to select the most appropriate QoS routing algorithm for a particular use case, e.g., for SDN controlled industrial communications. We close this gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive up-to-date survey of centralized QoS routing algorithms. We introduce a novel four-dimensional (4D) evaluation framework for QoS routing algorithms, whereby the 4D correspond to the type of topology, two forms of scalability of a topology, and the tightness of the delay constraint. We implemented 26 selected DCLC algorithms and compared their runtime and cost inefficiency within the 4D evaluation framework. While the main conclusion of this evaluation is that the best algorithm depends on the specific sub-space of the 4D space that is targeted, we identify two algorithms, namely Lagrange relaxation-based aggregated cost (LARAC) and search space reduction delay-cost-constrained routing (SSR+DCCR), that perform very well in most of the 4D evaluation space.
126 citations
TL;DR: This survey takes a top-down approach and reviews various multipath protocols, from application to link and physical layers, operating at different parts of the Internet, and describes the mathematical foundations of the multipath operation.
Abstract: Utilizing the dormant path diversity through multipath routing in the Internet to reach end users—thereby fulfilling their QoS requirements—is rather logical. While offering better resource utilization, better reliability, and often even much better quality of experience (QoE), multipath routing and provisioning was shown to help network and data center operators achieve traffic engineering in the form of load balancing. In this survey, we first highlight the benefits and basic Internet multipath routing components. We take a top-down approach and review various multipath protocols, from application to link and physical layers, operating at different parts of the Internet. We also describe the mathematical foundations of the multipath operation, as well as highlight the issues and challenges pertaining to reliable data delivery, buffering, and security in deploying multipath provisioning in the Internet. We compare the benefits and drawbacks of these protocols operating at different Internet layers and discuss open issues and challenges.
118 citations
Cites background from "A Survey on Multicast Routing Proto..."
...For multipathing and multicasting in mobile ad-hoc networks, see [10], [11]....
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TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive survey of routing in multi-hop D2D networks, which needs to take care of the node mobility, dynamic network topology, and network fragmentation, which did not exist in traditional cellular networking.
Abstract: In recent years, device-to-device (D2D) communication has attained significant attention in the research community. The advantages of D2D communication can be fully realized in multi-hop communication scenario. The integration of cellular and multi-hop networks not only provides guaranteed quality of service and reliability as a traditional cellular network, but also has the flexibility and adaptability as a multi-hop network. Routing in such multi-hop cellular D2D networks is a critical issue, since the multi-hop network can perform worse than a traditional cellular network if wrong routing decisions are made. This is because routing in these multi-hop networks needs to take care of the node mobility, dynamic network topology, and network fragmentation, which did not exist in traditional cellular networking. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of routing in multi-hop D2D networks. Some future research directions for the routing in D2D networks are also discussed at the end of this paper.
117 citations
Cites background from "A Survey on Multicast Routing Proto..."
...In highly dynamic networks, when high amount of data transfer to multiple destinations is required, in applications, such as video conferencing or mobile software updates; multicast routing shows improved QoS and energy efficiency in such scenarios [138]....
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References
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TL;DR: Simulation results demonstrate that AMRoute signaling traffic remains at relatively low level for typical group sizes, and indicate that group members receive a high proportion of data multicast by senders, even in the case of a highly dynamic network.
Abstract: The Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol (AMRoute) presents a novel approach for robust IP Multicast in mobile ad hoc networks by exploiting user-multicast trees and dynamic logical cores. It creates a bidirectional, shared tree for data distribution using only group senders and receivers as tree nodes. Unicast tunnels are used as tree links to connect neighbors on the user-multicast tree. Thus, AMRoute does not need to be supported by network nodes that are not interested/capable of multicast, and group state cost is incurred only by group senders and receivers. Also, the use of tunnels as tree links implies that tree structure does not need to change even in case of a dynamic network topology, which reduces the signaling traffic and packet loss. Thus AMRoute does not need to track network dynamics; the underlying unicast protocol is solely responsible for this function. AMRoute does not require a specific unicast routing protocol; therefore, it can operate seamlessly over separate domains with different unicast protocols. Certain tree nodes are designated by AMRoute as logical cores, and are responsible for initiating and managing the signaling component of AMRoute, such as detection of group members and tree setup. Logical cores differ significantly from those in CBT and PIM-SM, since they are not a central point for data distribution and can migrate dynamically among member nodes. Simulation results (using ns-2) demonstrate that AMRoute signaling traffic remains at relatively low level for typical group sizes. The results also indicate that group members receive a high proportion of data multicast by senders, even in the case of a highly dynamic network.
477 citations
22 Apr 2001
TL;DR: The protocol-termed differential destination mmulticast (DDM)-differs from common approaches proposed for MANET multicast routing in two ways: instead of distributing membership control throughout the network, DDM concentrates this authority at the data sources, thereby giving sources knowledge of group membership.
Abstract: In this paper we propose a multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The protocol-termed differential destination mmulticast (DDM)-differs from common approaches proposed for MANET multicast routing in two ways. Firstly, instead of distributing membership control throughout the network, DDM concentrates this authority at the data sources (i.e. senders) thereby giving sources knowledge of group membership. Secondly, differentially-encoded, variable-length destination headers are inserted in data packets which are used in combination with unicast routing tables to forward multicast packets towards multicast receivers. Instead of requiring that multicast forwarding state to be stored in all participating nodes, this approach also provides the option of stateless multicasting. Each node independently has the choice of caching forwarding state or having its upstream neighbor to insert this state into self-routed data packets, or some combination thereof. The protocol is best suited for use with small multicast groups operating in dynamic networks of any size.
303 citations
"A Survey on Multicast Routing Proto..." refers background or methods in this paper
...There are four types of control packets: JOIN, ACK, LEAVE and RSYNC [7]....
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...suffer from single point of failure of the core node [7]....
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09 Jun 2002
TL;DR: An efficient multicast routing protocol for Ad hoc wireless networks that reduces the control overhead by dynamically classifying the sources into Active and Passive categories and the results show that the multicast efficiency is increased by 10--15% and packet delivery ratio is also improved at high network load.
Abstract: Ad hoc wireless networks are self-organizing dynamic topology networks formed by a collection of mobile nodes through radio links. Minimal configuration absence of infrastructure and quick deployment make them convenient for emergency situations other than military applications. Multicasting plays a very crucial role in the application of Ad hoc networks. As the number of participants increases scalability of the multicast protocol becomes an important issue. Among the existing multicast protocols On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) perfo exhibits a high packet delivery ratio even at high mobility. But ODMRP suffers from higher control overhead as the network size and the number of sources increase.In this paper we propose an efficient multicast routing protocol for Ad hoc wireless networks. This protocol reduces the control overhead by dynamically classifying the sources into Active and Passive categories. The control overhead is significantly reduced by about 30% compared to ODMRP which contributes to the scalability of the protocol. We study the effectiveness of the proposed multicast routing protocol by simulation studies and the results show that the multicast efficiency is increased by 10--15% and packet delivery ratio is also improved at high network load.
183 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This paper studies mobile ad-hoc network and its characteristics, challenges, application, security goals and different types security attacks at different layers.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is an infrastructure-less , dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the use of any centralized authority. Due to its fundamental characteristics, such as wireless medium, dynamic topology, distributed cooperation, MANETs is vulnerable to various kinds of security attacks like worm hole, black hole, rushing attack etc. In this paper we study mobile ad-hoc network and its characteristics, challenges, application, security goals and different types security attacks at different layers.
154 citations
01 Dec 2010
TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive survey on multicast routing protocols along with their security techniques and the types of attacks they can confront, and a comparison for the capability of the various secured multicasts routing protocols against the identified attacks.
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio network. Routing protocols in MANETs define how routes between source and destination nodes are established and maintained. Multicast routing provides a bandwidth-efficient means for supporting group-oriented applications. The increasing demand for such applications coupled with the inherit characteristics of MANETs (e.g., lack of infrastructure and node mobility) have made secure multicast routing crucial yet challenging issue. Recently, several multicast routing protocols have been proposed in MANETs. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on multicast routing protocols along with their security techniques and the types of attacks they can confront. A comparison for the capability of the various secured multicast routing protocols against the identified attacks is also presented.
23 citations