A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve total suspended matter in extremely turbid waters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to use Short Wave Infra Red (SWIR) spectral bands between 1000 and 1300 nm for the retrieval of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration in turbid and highly turbid waters.
About: This article is published in Remote Sensing of Environment.The article was published on 2015-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 77 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Spectral bands.
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University of New South Wales1, Boise State University2, United States Geological Survey3, Ames Research Center4, Northern Arizona University5, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences6, Goddard Space Flight Center7, University of South Florida8, California Institute of Technology9, University of Maryland, Baltimore County10, University of California, Santa Cruz11, Arizona State University12, United States Naval Research Laboratory13, Kent State University14, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research15, University of Nebraska–Lincoln16, University of California, Santa Barbara17, University of Zurich18, Brookhaven National Laboratory19, City University of New York20, University of California, Davis21, University of Massachusetts Amherst22, Universiti Sains Malaysia23, Universities Space Research Association24
TL;DR: The 2017-2027 National Academies' Decadal Survey, Thriving on Our Changing Planet, recommended Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) as a "designated targeted observable" (DO) as discussed by the authors.
135 citations
TL;DR: Examination of the literature shows that the past 10–15 years has brought about a focal shift within the field, where researchers are using improved computing resources, datasets, and operational remote sensing algorithms to better understand complex inland water systems.
Abstract: Remote sensing approaches to measuring inland water quality date back nearly 50 years to the beginning of the satellite era. Over this time span, hundreds of peer-reviewed publications have demonstrated promising remote sensing models to estimate biological, chemical, and physical properties of inland waterbodies. Until recently, most of these publications focused largely on algorithm development as opposed to implementation of those algorithms to address specific science questions. This slow evolution contrasts with terrestrial and oceanic remote sensing, where methods development in the 1970s led to publications focused on understanding spatially expansive, complex processes as early as the mid-1980s. This review explores the progression of inland water quality remote sensing from methodological development to scientific applications. We use bibliometric analysis to assess overall patterns in the field and subsequently examine 236 key papers to identify trends in research focus and scale. The results highlight an initial 30 year period where the majority of publications focused on model development and validation followed by a spike in publications, beginning in the early-2000s, applying remote sensing models to analyze spatiotemporal trends, drivers, and impacts of changing water quality on ecosystems and human populations. Recent and emerging resources, including improved data availability and enhanced processing platforms, are enabling researchers to address challenging science questions and model spatiotemporally explicit patterns in water quality. Examination of the literature shows that the past 10–15 years has brought about a focal shift within the field, where researchers are using improved computing resources, datasets, and operational remote sensing algorithms to better understand complex inland water systems. Future satellite missions promise to continue these improvements by providing observational continuity with spatial/spectral resolutions ideal for inland waters.
135 citations
Cites methods from "A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..."
...Within inland water remote sensing, applications of hyperspectral remote sensors include the use of Hyperion [60,61], the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) [62,63], the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) [64], and NASA’s HyMAP scanner [65], Airborne Visible/Infrared Spectrometer (AVIRIS) [66], Airborne Visible/Infrared Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) [67], and Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) [68]....
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TL;DR: Image correction for atmospheric effects (iCOR) as mentioned in this paper is an atmospheric correction tool that can process satellite data collected over coastal, inland or transitional waters and land, and it can be used to estimate atmospheric effects.
Abstract: Image correction for atmospheric effects (iCOR) is an atmospheric correction tool that can process satellite data collected over coastal, inland or transitional waters and land. The tool is...
119 citations
Cites background from "A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..."
...the image acquisition time was set at 1 h, since water can be highly dynamic in space and time (Knaeps et al., 2015)....
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...The maximum allowed time difference between AERONET-OC measurements and the image acquisition time was set at 1 h, since water can be highly dynamic in space and time (Knaeps et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: The multi-sensor approach together with the multi-conditional algorithm presented here can be applied to the latest generation of ocean color sensors to study SPM dynamics in the coastal ocean at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.
Abstract: The accurate measurement of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in coastal waters is of crucial importance for ecosystem studies, sediment transport monitoring, and assessment of anthropogenic impacts in the coastal ocean. Ocean color remote sensing is an efficient tool to monitor SPM spatio-temporal variability in coastal waters. However, near-shore satellite images are complex to correct for atmospheric effects due to the proximity of land and to the high level of reflectance caused by high SPM concentrations in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The water reflectance signal (ρw) tends to saturate at short visible wavelengths when the SPM concentration increases. Using a comprehensive dataset of high-resolution satellite imagery and in situ SPM and water reflectance data, this study presents (i) an assessment of existing atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms developed for turbid coastal waters; and (ii) a switching method that automatically selects the most sensitive SPM vs. ρw relationship, to avoid saturation effects when computing the SPM concentration. The approach is applied to satellite data acquired by three medium-high spatial resolution sensors (Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager, National Polar-Orbiting Partnership/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite and Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) to map the SPM concentration in some of the most turbid areas of the European coastal ocean, namely the Gironde and Loire estuaries as well as Bourgneuf Bay on the French Atlantic coast. For all three sensors, AC methods based on the use of short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands were tested, and the consistency of the retrieved water reflectance was examined along transects from low- to high-turbidity waters. For OLI data, we also compared a SWIR-based AC (ACOLITE) with a method based on multi-temporal analyses of atmospheric constituents (MACCS). For the selected scenes, the ACOLITE-MACCS difference was lower than 7%. Despite some inaccuracies in ρw retrieval, we demonstrate that the SPM concentration can be reliably estimated using OLI, MODIS and VIIRS, regardless of their differences in spatial and spectral resolutions. Match-ups between the OLI-derived SPM concentration and autonomous field measurements from the Loire and Gironde estuaries’ monitoring networks provided satisfactory results. The multi-sensor approach together with the multi-conditional algorithm presented here can be applied to the latest generation of ocean color sensors (namely Sentinel2/MSI and Sentinel3/OLCI) to study SPM dynamics in the coastal ocean at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.
112 citations
Cites background from "A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..."
...The problem with the atmospheric corrections of MODIS data is the use of the 1240 nm band, which can provide reflectance values above zero in highly turbid waters, causing an overcorrection to the visible bands [52,61]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the spectral reflectance of microplastics (5mm) washed ashore along the USA west coast and virgin plastic pellets over a wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm.
111 citations
References
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TL;DR: Definitive data on the absorption spectrum of pure water from 380 to 700 nm have been obtained with an integrating cavity technique and several spectroscopic features have been identified in the visible spectrum to the knowledge for the first time.
Abstract: Definitive data on the absorption spectrum of pure water from 380 to 700 nm have been obtained with an integrating cavity technique. The results are in good agreement with those recently obtained by our group with a completely independent photothermal technique. As before, we find that the absorption in the blue is significantly lower than had previously been generally believed and that the absorption minimum is at a significantly shorter wavelength, i.e., 0.0044 ? 0.0006 m(-1) at 418 nm. Several spectroscopic features have been identified in the visible spectrum to our knowledge for the first time.
2,134 citations
"A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..." refers background in this paper
...The pure water absorption (Kou, Labrie, & Chylek, 1993; Pope & Fry, 1997) and atmospheric transmittance for this spectral region are shown in Fig....
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TL;DR: In this article, a semianalytical radiance model is developed which predicts the upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of the phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters.
Abstract: A semianalytical radiance model is developed which predicts the upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of the phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in waters which were not included in the data base used to derive it. It suggests that the observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in the backscattering of plankton and the associated detrital material. The model is extended to include other material in the water, such as dissolved organic material, referred to as yellow substances, and detached coccoliths from coccolithophorids, e.g., Emiliana huxleyi. Potential applications include an improved biooptical algorithm for the retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths and an improved atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The model also serves to identify and to interpret deviations from Case 1 waters.
1,268 citations
"A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..." refers methods in this paper
...The NIR based semi-analytical algorithm (Nechad et al., 2010) was originally developed based on a simplified reflectance model, based on a first order version of the model of Gordon et al. (1988) and calibrated using in situ data from the southern North Sea....
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..., 2010) was originally developed based on a simplified reflectance model, based on a first order version of the model of Gordon et al. (1988) and calibrated using in situ data from the southern North Sea....
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TL;DR: If rho is not estimated accurately, significant errors can occur in the estimated R(rs) for near-zenith Sun positions and for high wind speeds, both of which can give considerable Sun glitter effects.
Abstract: The remote-sensing reflectance Rrs is not
directly measurable, and various methodologies have been employed in
its estimation. I review the radiative transfer foundations of
several commonly used methods for estimating
Rrs, and errors associated with estimating
Rrs by removal of surface-reflected sky radiance
are evaluated using the Hydrolight radiative transfer numerical
model. The dependence of the sea surface reflectance factor ρ,
which is not an inherent optical property of the surface, on sky
conditions, wind speed, solar zenith angle, and viewing geometry is
examined. If ρ is not estimated accurately, significant errors
can occur in the estimated Rrs for near-zenith
Sun positions and for high wind speeds, both of which can give
considerable Sun glitter effects. The numerical simulations suggest
that a viewing direction of 40 deg from the nadir and 135 deg from the
Sun is a reasonable compromise among conflicting requirements. For
this viewing direction, a value of ρ ≈ 0.028 is acceptable
only for wind speeds less than 5 m s-1. For
higher wind speeds, curves are presented for the determination of ρ
as a function of solar zenith angle and wind speed. If the sky is
overcast, a value of ρ ≈ 0.028 is used at all wind
speeds.
1,014 citations
"A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve ..." refers methods in this paper
...The reflectance (Rw) was calculated using the following equation (Mobley, 1999):...
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TL;DR: The imaginary part of refractive index of supercooled water shows a systematic shift of absorption peaks toward the longer wavelengths compared with that of water at warmer temperatures.
Abstract: New accurate values of the imaginary part, k, of the refractive index of water at T = 22 °C, supercooled water at T = −8 °C and polycrystalline ice at T = −25 °C are reported. The k spectrum for water in the spectral region 0.65–2.5 μm is found to be in excellent agreement with those of previous studies. The k values for polycrystalline ice in the 1.44–2.50-μm region eliminate the large uncertainties existing among previously published conflicting sets of data. The imaginary part of refractive index of supercooled water shows a systematic shift of absorption peaks toward the longer wavelengths compared with that of water at warmer temperatures.
729 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental method for determining water composition from satellite data, in visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, is applied to highly turbid waters, for suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations ranging between 35 and more than 2000 mg l � 1.
509 citations