A target based therapeutic approach towards diabetes mellitus using medicinal plants.
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of medicinal plants that exhibit anti-diabetic properties and identifies several medicinal plants whose extract modulate glycolysis, Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, HMP shunt pathway, glycogen synthesis and their degradation.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not one disease but is a heterogonous group of syndromes. Contrary to the popular belief DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) and this is because of insufficient or inefficient insulin secretary response. Glucose is the main energy source for the body, and in the case of DM, management of glucose becomes irregular. There are around 410 experimentally proven medicinal plants having antidiabetic properties but the complete mechanism of action is available only for about 109. There are several medicinal plants whose extract modulate glycolysis, Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, HMP shunt pathway, glycogen synthesis and their degradation, cholesterol synthesis, metabolism and absorption of carbohydrates, and synthesis and release of insulin. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of medicinal plants that exhibit anti-diabetic properties.
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TL;DR: In this review, recent discoveries of anti-diabetic compounds have been summarized according to their chemical structures and mechanisms of action.
226 citations
TL;DR: This article provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of most popular hypoglycemic herbs, such as ginseng, bitter melon, fenugreek, banaba, Gymnema sylvestre and Coptis chinensis, and their interaction with conventional drugs when administered simultaneously.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient or inefficient insulin secretary response and it is characterized by increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). DM is a heterogonous group of syndromes. Glucose is the main energy source for the body, and in the case of DM, management of glucose becomes irregular. There are three key defects in the onset of hyperglycemia in DM, namely increased hepatic glucose production, diminished insulin secretion, and impaired insulin action. Conventional drugs treat diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production and/or decreasing the amount of glucose in blood. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of most popular hypoglycemic herbs, such as ginseng, bitter melon, fenugreek, banaba, Gymnema sylvestre and Coptis chinensis. The herbs act by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Although evidence from animals and humans consistently supports the therapeutic effect of these phytomedicines, multicenter large-scale clinical trials have not been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these herbal medicines and their interaction with conventional drugs when administered simultaneously.
173 citations
TL;DR: The current findings suggest that the phytochemicals can replace the commercial drugs in part, which could lead to a reduction in toxicity and side effects of the later.
158 citations
Cites background from "A target based therapeutic approach..."
...There are reports to treat diabetics with traditional medicinal plants (Prabhakar and Doble 2008a) which have fewer side effects, better effectiveness, multiple target site and are of relatively of low cost....
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...Also, if the therapeutic dose of the OHD could be reduced by combining it with a natural product, then the side effects caused by the former could be reduced to a large extent (Prabhakar and Doble 2008b)....
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TL;DR: Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Marrubium vulgare induced an significant effect antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic (dose-dependent effect) in treated animals.
129 citations
Cites background from "A target based therapeutic approach..."
...a significant decrease of body weight gain was observed with the diabetic control group because during diabetes, this decrease in weight is due to enhanced catabolic processes such as glycogenolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis [29]....
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TL;DR: According to the findings of this study, it could be suggested that, dieckol can be developed as a therapeutic agent for type ІІ diabetes.
121 citations
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TL;DR: Recently, inexpensive quantitative tests of 3HB levels have become available for use with small blood samples (5–25 µl) and offer new options for monitoring and treating diabetes and other states characterized by the abnormal metabolism of ketone bodies.
Abstract: Ketone bodies are produced by the liver and used peripherally as an energy source when glucose is not readily available. The two main ketone bodies are acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), while acetone is the third, and least abundant, ketone body. Ketones are always present in the blood and their levels increase during fasting and prolonged exercise. They are also found in the blood of neonates and pregnant women. Diabetes is the most common pathological cause of elevated blood ketones. In diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), high levels of ketones are produced in response to low insulin levels and high levels of counterregulatory hormones. In acute DKA, the ketone body ratio (3HB:AcAc) rises from normal (1:1) to as high as 10:1. In response to insulin therapy, 3HB levels commonly decrease long before AcAc levels. The frequently employed nitroprusside test only detects AcAc in blood and urine. This test is inconvenient, does not assess the best indicator of ketone body levels (3HB), provides only a semiquantitative assessment of ketone levels and is associated with false-positive results. Recently, inexpensive quantitative tests of 3HB levels have become available for use with small blood samples (5-25 microl). These tests offer new options for monitoring and treating diabetes and other states characterized by the abnormal metabolism of ketone bodies.
1,087 citations
TL;DR: Interestingly, 6‐gingerol, a natural analog of curcumin derived from the root of ginger (Zingiber officinalis), exhibits a biologic activity profile similar to that ofCurcumin, which is now being used to treat cancer, arthritis, diabetes, Crohn's Disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, and other pathologies.
Abstract: The use of turmeric, derived from the root of the plant Curcuma longa, for treatment of different inflammatory diseases has been described in Ayurveda and in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. The active component of turmeric responsible for this activity, curcumin, was identified almost two centuries ago. Modern science has revealed that curcumin mediates its effects by modulation of several important molecular targets, including transcription factors (e.g., NF-kappaB, AP-1, Egr-1, beta-catenin, and PPAR-gamma), enzymes (e.g., COX2, 5-LOX, iNOS, and hemeoxygenase-1), cell cycle proteins (e.g., cyclin D1 and p21), cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and chemokines), receptors (e.g., EGFR and HER2), and cell surface adhesion molecules. Because it can modulate the expression of these targets, curcumin is now being used to treat cancer, arthritis, diabetes, Crohn's disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, and other pathologies. Interestingly, 6-gingerol, a natural analog of curcumin derived from the root of ginger (Zingiber officinalis), exhibits a biologic activity profile similar to that of curcumin. The efficacy, pharmacologic safety, and cost effectiveness of curcuminoids prompt us to "get back to our roots."
653 citations
TL;DR: Present studies besides confirming hypoglycaemic activities of the experimental herbal samples, help identify more potent indigenous hyp glucosecaemic herbs (in crude ethanolic extract) from the comparative study of the reported experimental results.
583 citations
TL;DR: This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on various plant species from Indian biosphere and their constituents, which have been shown to display potent hypoglycemic activity.
498 citations
TL;DR: The positive effects of specific plant extracts on insulin activity suggest a possible role of these plants in improving glucose and insulin metabolism.
Abstract: To evaluate the possible effects on insulin function, 49 herb, spice, and medicinal plant extracts were tested in the insulin-dependent utilization of glucose using a rat epididymal adipocyte assay. Cinnamon was the most bioactive product followed by witch hazel, green and black teas, allspice, bay leaves, nutmeg, cloves, mushrooms, and brewer's yeast. The glucose oxidation enhancing bioactivity was lost from cinnamon, tea, witch hazel, cloves, bay leaf and allspice by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) treatment, indicating that the active phytochemicals are likely to be phenolic in nature. The activity of sage, mushrooms, and brewers's yeast was not removed by PVP. Some products such as Korean ginseng, flaxseed meal, and basil have been reported to be effective antidiabetic agents; however, they were only marginally active in our assay. Our technique measures direct stimulation of cellular glucose metabolism, so it may be that the active phytochemicals in these plants improve glucose metabolism via other mech...
459 citations